[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-article-local-how-to-learn-kanji":3,"$fHZsWYl_LcdVZ5GxKwtR-ZqvCZbbUdo2_Fi6R_GQKiQM":1833,"blog-article-cms-how-to-learn-kanji":1835,"article-hreflang-how-to-learn-kanji":1836,"blog-article-related-how-to-learn-kanji":2943},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":1811,"extension":1812,"meta":1813,"navigation":1826,"path":1827,"rawbody":1828,"seo":1829,"stem":1830,"__hash__":1831,"timestampUnix":1814,"slug":1815,"h1":1816,"image":1817,"tags":1822,"timestamp":1832,"locale":-1},"content\u002Farticle\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-kanji.md","Japanese Basics: The Best Way to Learn Kanji. Memorize Japanese Kanji Easily!",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1770},"minimark",[9,19,22,50,53,56,59,62,67,70,128,147,154,164,169,178,181,192,195,220,228,249,253,256,259,262,311,314,333,338,342,350,430,433,437,448,458,465,468,578,597,603,607,610,665,672,675,677,681,684,688,696,716,719,778,781,784,788,791,821,836,844,848,855,870,873,881,884,891,894,897,901,904,911,914,954,957,962,964,968,971,982,985,989,994,1002,1016,1022,1025,1029,1037,1044,1049,1053,1057,1069,1075,1078,1082,1089,1095,1098,1102,1114,1117,1125,1131,1134,1138,1142,1159,1162,1185,1189,1192,1209,1213,1216,1219,1251,1257,1260,1262,1266,1269,1272,1276,1279,1282,1285,1292,1295,1299,1302,1309,1314,1318,1321,1335,1338,1344,1348,1356,1359,1367,1371,1378,1381,1384,1399,1402,1411,1419,1422,1424,1428,1431,1434,1437,1440,1446,1453,1456,1462,1465,1473,1476,1480,1482,1486,1489,1493,1496,1499,1547,1550,1555,1559,1562,1570,1573,1576,1580,1583,1586,1593,1596,1612,1616,1619,1622,1657,1660,1664,1675,1682,1688,1701,1710,1718,1725,1728,1736,1743,1745,1749,1756,1759,1762],[10,11,12,13,18],"p",{},"I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but if you want to ",[14,15,17],"a",{"href":16},"\u002Flearn-japanese","learn Japanese",", you need to learn kanji. Sorry, friend.",[10,20,21],{},"Anyway!",[10,23,24,25,29,30,35,36,39,40,45,46,49],{},"The kanji are ",[14,26,28],{"href":27},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fthe-japanese-alphabets","one of the three \"alphabets\" used to write Japanese",", alongside the hiragana (ひらがな ",[31,32],"custom-audio",{"src":33,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_ひらがな.mp3","3",") and katakana (カタカナ ",[31,37],{"src":38,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_カタカナ.mp3","). Whereas the hiragana and katakana are completely phonetic and simply represent sounds, each kanji is a unique symbol that has a specific meaning. For example, the word \"kanji\" (",[41,42],"typo",{"lang":43,"syntax":44},"ja","漢字[かんじ]"," ",[31,47],{"src":48,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_漢字.mp3",") literally means \"Chinese\" (漢) \"character\" (字).",[10,51,52],{},"Given this relationship between kanji and Japanese words, learning Japanese means learning a lot of kanji. Everything written in Japanese is written in kanji, from books to subtitles to street signs. Menus in restaurants include kanji, and Japanese dictionaries are organized by the parts a word's kanji contains. Even beginner textbooks quickly phase out romanizations and hiragana in favor of kanji.",[10,54,55],{},"This deep dive contains everything you need to know to start learning kanji. We'll cover:",[57,58],"toc",{},[60,61],"hr",{},[63,64,66],"h2",{"id":65},"how-japanese-kanji-work","How Japanese Kanji Work",[10,68,69],{},"Very generally speaking, here's the anatomy of a kanji character:",[71,72,73,94,110,122],"ul",{},[74,75,76,80,81,87,88,93],"li",{},[77,78,79],"strong",{},"Strokes"," — ",[14,82,86],{"href":83,"rel":84},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_strokes#Basic_strokes",[85],"nofollow","Individual strokes of a brush"," (",[14,89,92],{"href":90,"rel":91},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_strokes#\u002Fmedia\u002FFile:CJK_37_Strokes_(8+29).png",[85],"chart here",")",[74,95,96,80,99,104,105,109],{},[77,97,98],{},"Components",[14,100,103],{"href":101,"rel":102},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency#Table",[85],"Specific sequences of strokes"," that receive names and get used as building blocks to create characters. The main component in each character is called a ",[106,107,108],"em",{},"radical",".",[74,111,112,115,116,121],{},[77,113,114],{},"Characters"," — Specific combinations of components (here are the ",[14,117,120],{"href":118,"rel":119},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKy%C5%8Diku_kanji#First_grade_(80_kanji)",[85],"kyōiku kanji",", which are learned in elementary school)",[74,123,124,127],{},[77,125,126],{},"Words"," — May be a single character, multiple characters, a mix of characters and hiragana, hiragana alone, or katakana alone",[10,129,130,131,134,135,138,139,142,143,146],{},"So the stroke \"丨\" (tatebou, ",[106,132,133],{},"vertical line",") appears in the component 日 (",[106,136,137],{},"day","), this component appears in the character 時 (",[106,140,141],{},"time","), and this character appears in the word 時間 (じかん, ",[106,144,145],{},"time\u002Fperiod",").",[10,148,149,150,153],{},"Unfortunately, things ",[106,151,152],{},"do"," get a little more complicated. Some strokes double as components, some components double as characters, and some words consist of a single character. If you're feeling overwhelmed, just remember this:",[155,156,157],"blockquote",{},[10,158,159,160,163],{},"Kanji are ",[106,161,162],{},"not"," random collections of strokes. There are thousands of kanji, but they all boil down to being different combinations of the same components.",[165,166,168],"h3",{"id":167},"radicals-部首-the-core-of-each-kanji","Radicals (部首), the core of each kanji",[10,170,171,172,177],{},"The oldest form of written Chinese we know of, ",[14,173,176],{"href":174,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOracle_bone_script","_blank","the Oracle Bone Script,"," dates back to before 1,000 BC. Some of these characters are similar enough to our modern characters to be recognizable, but they were not standardized and came in many variations.",[10,179,180],{},"Over a thousand years later, the scholar Xu Shen created the Shouwen Jiezi, a dictionary that contained a detailed analysis of the usage and structure of characters used in The Five Classics (of the Han dynasty). What's special about this dictionary is that:",[71,182,183,186,189],{},[74,184,185],{},"It's a (massive) list of characters that is broken into sections",[74,187,188],{},"Each section is headed by a specific sequence of strokes",[74,190,191],{},"Each character in each section contains this same sequence of strokes",[10,193,194],{},"And nobody had done anything like this before.",[10,196,197,198,45,208,211,212,215,216,219],{},"Xu Shen called these shared sequences of strokes ",[14,199,201,202,201],{"href":200,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_radicals","\"",[77,203,204,205,93],{},"radicals (",[41,206],{"lang":43,"syntax":207},"部首[ぶしゅ]",[31,209],{"src":210,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_部首.mp3",", which literally means ",[106,213,214],{},"section"," (部) ",[106,217,218],{},"head\u002Fchief"," (首): the shared component that he felt defined\u002Fheaded a section\u002Fgroup of characters.",[10,221,222,223,227],{},"We still use this same system of classification today, but we now recognize only ",[14,224,226],{"href":225,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKangxi_radicals","214 unique radicals",", as opposed to Xu Shen's 500+.",[155,229,230],{},[10,231,232,233,240,241,244,245,93],{},"The radical of 時 (time) is 日 (",[14,234,236,239],{"href":235,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRadical_72",[106,237,238],{},"sun",", radical 72","), which simply means that the character 時 will appear in the 日 section of a ",[106,242,243],{},"kanji"," dictionary. (There are ",[14,246,248],{"href":247,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJapanese_dictionary#Lexicographical_terminology","multiple types of Japanese dictionaries!",[165,250,252],{"id":251},"the-structure-of-kanji","The structure of kanji",[10,254,255],{},"You might believe me when I tell you that the radical of 時 is 日, but you probably also have another question: what about that 寺 on the right side? Don't we care about it?",[10,257,258],{},"And that's an important question!",[10,260,261],{},"To answer it, it's important to understand that Xu Shen was observing and analyzing the kanji, and he did so in several different ways. For example, by:",[263,264,265,275,300],"ol",{},[74,266,267,269,270,274],{},[77,268,98],{}," — If we ignore the radical and think instead about what a particular component brings to a character, we end up with ",[14,271,273],{"href":272,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_internal_structures#Internal_structural_components","three categories",": things that offer phonetic (sound) information, things that offer semantic (meaning) information, and things that contain neither.",[74,276,277,280,281,285,286,290,291,295,296],{},[77,278,279],{},"Radicals"," — The \"main\" component of a kanji, as determined by Xu Shen. This was a somewhat arbitrary designation: 日 is the radical of ",[14,282,284],{"href":283,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E6%99%82#Han_character","時",", but not of ",[14,287,289],{"href":288,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E8%80%85#Han_character","者",". There are also cases like 初 (first) where ",[14,292,294],{"href":293,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fdictionary.goo.ne.jp\u002Fword\u002Fkanji\u002F%E5%88%9D\u002F","Japanese dictionaries say the radical is 刀"," but ",[14,297,299],{"href":298,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fdict.mini.moe.edu.tw\u002FSearchIndex\u002Fword_detail?wordID=D0003945&breadcrumbs=Search_%E5%88%9D_one&dictSearchField=%E5%88%9D"," Chinese dictionaries say the radical is 衣",[74,301,302,305,306,310],{},[77,303,304],{},"Placement"," — Characters are also classified by the position in which their radical occupies, such as on the left side (called \"hen\") or on top (called \"kanmuri\"). ",[14,307,309],{"href":308,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency#Table_key","There are 7 main positions",", one of which has several sub-positions.",[10,312,313],{},"If you've got a moment, you can try this for yourself:",[263,315,316,323,330],{},[74,317,318,319],{},"Ignore the Japanese and focus on the image\u002Fchart at ",[14,320,322],{"href":321,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.goo.ne.jp\u002Fishiseiji\u002Fe\u002F09d12633e3321d5563556c847fd79cb6","the top of this article",[74,324,325,326],{},"Scroll through this list of ",[14,327,329],{"href":328,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_jōyō_kanji","the 2,136 \"regular-use\" kanji",[74,331,332],{},"See if you notice any structural patterns",[155,334,335],{},[10,336,337],{},"時 is kanji #818 on the above list. It's a \"hen\" kanji, meaning that the radical (日) is on the left side. It's also what's called a phonetic-semantic kanji, which we'll discuss in the next section.",[165,339,341],{"id":340},"the-4-main-types-of-kanji","The 4 (main) types of kanji",[10,343,344,345,349],{},"Combining the concepts of components, radicals, and radical placement, plus earlier work from other scholars, Xu Shen identified ",[14,346,348],{"href":347,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKanji#Types_of_kanji_by_category","four types of kanji",". (Actually 6, but the other two are more contested and less useful for learners, so we'll skip them.)",[263,351,352,383,412,421],{},[74,353,354,360,361,364,365,368,369,372,373,376,377,368,380,146],{},[77,355,356,359],{},[41,357],{"lang":43,"syntax":358},"象形文字[しょうけいもじ]"," Pictographic Characters"," — these kanji look like the thing they are representing. Examples include ",[41,362],{"lang":43,"syntax":363},"川[かわ]"," (kawa ",[31,366],{"src":367,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_川.mp3",", ",[106,370,371],{},"river",") and ",[41,374],{"lang":43,"syntax":375},"山[やま]"," (yama ",[31,378],{"src":379,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_山.mp3",[106,381,382],{},"mountain",[74,384,385,391,392,395,396,368,399,372,402,405,406,368,409,146],{},[77,386,387,390],{},[41,388],{"lang":43,"syntax":389},"指事文字[しじもじ]"," Simple Ideographs"," — These characters represent an abstract idea or concept. Examples include ",[41,393],{"lang":43,"syntax":394},"上[うえ]"," (ue ",[31,397],{"src":398,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_上.mp3",[106,400,401],{},"up",[41,403],{"lang":43,"syntax":404},"下[した]"," (shita ",[31,407],{"src":408,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_下.mp3",[106,410,411],{},"down",[74,413,414,420],{},[77,415,416,419],{},[41,417],{"lang":43,"syntax":418},"会意文字[かいいもじ]"," Compound Ideographs"," — These characters combine pictographs and\u002For simple ideographs to represent an abstract idea or concept. Examples include the character for rest 休 (person 人 + tree 木) and the character for following a path 辿 (walk ⻍ + 山 mountain)",[74,422,423,429],{},[77,424,425,428],{},[41,426],{"lang":43,"syntax":427},"形声文字[けいせいもじ]"," Phonetic-Semantic Characters"," — These characters combine a phonetic component that gives information about what a character sounds like and a semantic component that gives information about what it means. Examples include 時 from above (time: semantic 日 \"sun\" + phonetic 寺 \"temple\") and 銅 (copper: semantic 金 \"metal\" + phonetic 同 \"same\").",[10,431,432],{},"Over half of the kanji are phonetic-semantic characters, so as you learn more vocabulary words, you'll eventually develop a somewhat-accurate intuition for how a new character likely sounds. This is one reason that kanji get easier to learn as you learn more of them.",[165,434,436],{"id":435},"onyomi-and-kunyomi-the-readingpronunciation-of-kanji","Onyomi and Kunyomi, the reading\u002Fpronunciation of kanji",[10,438,439,440,443,444,447],{},"We can now finally address a question that's likely been on your mind: if this is ",[106,441,442],{},"Japanese",", then why are we talking about ",[106,445,446],{},"Chinese"," characters?",[10,449,450,451],{},"And the answer is pretty straightforward: Japan originally lacked a writing system and China was a major influence in the region. Oversimplifying quite a bit, bilingual court officials basically forced the Chinese characters onto native Japanese words. Some Chinese words were also borrowed into Japanese. ",[106,452,453,454,93],{},"(",[14,455,457],{"href":456,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKanji#History","If you have some time, it's a cool story.",[10,459,460,461,464],{},"As you might imagine, this got messy. Virtually all characters have some Japanese readings and some Chinese readings, and while you can usually guess whether a Chinese or Japanese reading will be used, you can't always guess ",[106,462,463],{},"which"," of the various Chinese or Japanese readings will be used. You just have to learn them as you go.",[10,466,467],{},"To briefly compare these two different ways of reading kanji:",[71,469,470,518],{},[74,471,472,481],{},[77,473,474,45,477,480],{},[41,475],{"lang":43,"syntax":476},"訓読み[くんよみ]",[31,478],{"src":479,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_訓読み.mp3"," — Kun'yomi, a character's \"Japanese\" reading",[71,482,483,489,495],{},[74,484,485,488],{},[77,486,487],{},"Definition"," — The way(s) that a character is pronounced in cases where it was superimposed onto an existing Japanese word.",[74,490,491,494],{},[77,492,493],{},"When to use"," — Kun'yomi are used when a word consists of a mix of kanji and hiragana, and are sometimes used in cases where a word consists of a single kanji with no hiragana.",[74,496,497,500,501,45,504,507,508,511,512,368,515,146],{},[77,498,499],{},"Examples"," — the character ",[41,502],{"lang":43,"syntax":503},"中[なか]",[31,505],{"src":506,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_中.mp3"," has a kun'yomi of \"naka\" as a standalone word for \"middle\", and the character 光 has a kunyomi of \"hika\" in the word ",[41,509],{"lang":43,"syntax":510},"光[ひか]る"," (hikaru ",[31,513],{"src":514,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_光る.mp3",[106,516,517],{},"to shine\u002Fto glitter",[74,519,520,529],{},[77,521,522,45,525,528],{},[41,523],{"lang":43,"syntax":524},"音読み[おんよみ]",[31,526],{"src":527,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_音読み.mp3","— On'yomi, a character's \"Chinese\" reading",[71,530,531,536,552],{},[74,532,533,535],{},[77,534,487],{}," — Japanese approximations of the way a character was historically pronounced in the original Chinese word\u002Flanguage.",[74,537,538,540,541,544,545,368,548,551],{},[77,539,493],{}," — Generally speaking, if you see a word that consists of multiple kanji stuck together and no hiragana, on'yomi will probably be used. (These words are called ",[41,542],{"lang":43,"syntax":543},"熟語[じゅくご]"," (jukugo ",[31,546],{"src":547,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_熟語.mp3",[106,549,550],{},"kanji compounds",") .)",[74,553,554,556,557,560,561,368,564,567,568,571,572,368,575,146],{},[77,555,499],{}," — The character 中 has an on'yomi of \"chuu\" in the compound word ",[41,558],{"lang":43,"syntax":559},"中国[ちゅうごく]"," (chuugoku ",[31,562],{"src":563,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_中国.mp3",[106,565,566],{},"China; literally \"middle country\"",") , and the character 光 has an on'yomi of \"kou\" in the compound word ",[41,569],{"lang":43,"syntax":570},"光明[こうみょう]"," (koumyou ",[31,573],{"src":574,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_光明.mp3",[106,576,577],{},"bright light",[10,579,580,581,585,586,589,590,368,593,596],{},"Then, remember how I said that there wasn't a reliable way to guess the way to pronounce a character? There's even ",[14,582,584],{"href":583,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fbenesse.jp\u002Fkyouiku\u002Fteikitest\u002Fchu\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese\u002Fc00534.html","a handful of two-kanji words in which one kanji uses kun'yomi and the other uses on'yomi "," (link is in Japanese). A common example is ",[41,587],{"lang":43,"syntax":588},"台所[だいどころ]"," (daidokoro ",[31,591],{"src":592,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_台所.mp3",[106,594,595],{},"kitchen","), in which 台 has the on'yomi reading \"dai\" and 所 has the kun'yomi reading \"dokoro\".",[10,598,599,600,602],{},"All these rules and exceptions in mind, we recommend ",[106,601,162],{}," actively trying to memorize the on'yomi and kun'yomi of a kanji. You'll acquire this knowledge naturally as you learn more Japanese words. We'll talk about this more in the section on learning kanji.",[165,604,606],{"id":605},"how-many-kanji-characters-do-you-need-to-know","How many kanji characters do you need to know?",[10,608,609],{},"This depends entirely on what you want to do with Japanese.",[71,611,612,618,641,647],{},[74,613,614,617],{},[77,615,616],{},"Bare minimum: ~1,000 kanji"," — If you're looking for a bare minimum number to begin getting through manga, light novels, and text messages, it's in this ballpark.",[74,619,620,623,624,627,628,631,632,636,637,109],{},[77,621,622],{},"High-school level: 2,136 kanji"," — Here's ",[14,625,626],{"href":328,"target":175},"a list of kanji"," that the Japanese Ministry of Education has dubbed \"regular-use kanji\" (",[106,629,630],{},"jouyou kanji"," in Japanese). These are the characters that Japanese students learn while in school, and they may appear in mass-market books and newspaper articles without ",[14,633,635],{"href":634,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFurigana","furigana"," (little hiragana that show how to pronounce a word). This is also roughly the amount of kanji required to pass the JLPT N1, the highest level of ",[14,638,640],{"href":639,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJapanese-Language_Proficiency_Test","the Japanese Language Proficiency Test",[74,642,643,646],{},[77,644,645],{},"Book worms: ~3,000 kanji",": There are many literary and technical kanji that only see use in, well, literary and technical contexts. If you go through university in Japan or develop a love for Japanese literature, you'll end up learning over an extra 1,000 characters through exposure.",[74,648,649,652,653,87,657,660,661,664],{},[77,650,651],{},"Scholars: 6,350 kanji",": Aimed at native Japanese people, the ",[14,654,656],{"href":655,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKanji_Kentei#Level_1","Japanese Kanji Aptitude Test",[41,658],{"lang":43,"syntax":659},"日本[にほん] 漢字[かんじ] 能力[のうりょく] 検定[けんてい]",", nihon kanji nouryoku kentei ",[31,662],{"src":663,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_日本漢字能力検定.mp3",") focuses entirely on kanji proficiency. Passing this test is considered prestigious, and would be listed on a resumé.",[10,666,667,668,671],{},"This all goes to say that if you Google ",[106,669,670],{},"how many kanji should I learn",", different places will give you different answers.",[10,673,674],{},"I would personally recommend worrying less about the number of kanji you know and more about the number of words. The context provided by vocabulary words will make it easier to remember the kanji they contain, and focusing on words also saves you from spending time on technical\u002Fobscure kanji that you may never actually see in real life.",[60,676],{},[63,678,680],{"id":679},"tips-to-learn-kanji-efficiently","Tips to Learn Kanji Efficiently",[10,682,683],{},"Now you understand that kanji aren't just squiggles on a page... but how do you go about learning over a thousand unique characters?",[165,685,687],{"id":686},"use-mnemonics-to-help-memorize-kanji","Use mnemonics to help memorize kanji",[10,689,690,691,695],{},"Here's a ",[14,692,694],{"href":693,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=iWE5ea7tdB4","4-time memory champion talking about how he memorizes things",". It boils down to turning information into something he can visualize, and he does that by making mnemonics. This is a three-step process:",[263,697,698,704,710],{},[74,699,700,703],{},[77,701,702],{},"See"," — translate the information into something he can visualize",[74,705,706,709],{},[77,707,708],{},"Link"," — connect the image to something you already know (so you can find it later)",[74,711,712,715],{},[77,713,714],{},"Go"," — get silly; your mnemonic will be easier to remember if it's funny, shocking, gross, etc",[10,717,718],{},"The \"lego blocks put together\" nature of kanji lends itself really well to making mnemonics. For example, here's one story I made that's stuck with me for ten years:",[155,720,721],{},[71,722,723,732,748],{},[74,724,725,728,729,93],{},[77,726,727],{},"Character",": 始 (",[106,730,731],{},"start",[74,733,734,736,737,740,741,744,745,93],{},[77,735,98],{},": 女 (",[106,738,739],{},"woman","), 厶 (",[106,742,743],{},"looks like an elbow to me","), 口 (",[106,746,747],{},"mouth",[74,749,750,753,754,760,761,765,766,771,772,777],{},[77,751,752],{},"Mnemonic story",": I open the door to my grandparents' house... and, in front of my eyes, my 300-pound ",[755,756,757],"u",{},[106,758,759],{},"grandma"," is upside down, doing a headstand — ",[755,762,763],{},[106,764,747],{}," on the floor, ",[755,767,768],{},[106,769,770],{},"elbows"," up in the air. I stand there, staring in shock, watching, helplessly, as grandma ",[755,773,774],{},[77,775,776],{},"starts"," falling over.",[10,779,780],{},"That might look like a lot of work, but before long, making these stories becomes second nature. It's easier than you think, and can even be kind of fun. Best of all, that silly story transforms 始 from 8 random strokes into 3 meaningful parts.",[10,782,783],{},"If you're looking for a way to memorize kanji, mnemonics should be in your toolbox.",[165,785,787],{"id":786},"write-kanji-out-by-hand","Write kanji out by hand",[10,789,790],{},"You'll benefit in a few key ways:",[263,792,793,805,811],{},[74,794,795,798,799,804],{},[77,796,797],{},"Stroke order",": Kanji are written according to a ",[14,800,803],{"href":801,"rel":802},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStroke_order#General_guidelines",[85],"consistent set of guidelines",": top to bottom, left to right. Once you get a feel for this, you'll become able to correctly write any character, even ones you haven't seen before.",[74,806,807,810],{},[77,808,809],{},"Initial exposure",": Knowledge is a spectrum, and the first step in learning anything is simply processing the information at hand. This is a low-stress way to get the characters and their components into your brain.",[74,812,813,816,817,820],{},[77,814,815],{},"Perspective",": You'll notice that there are many kanji that you ",[106,818,819],{},"know"," you know—you know them when you see them, after all!—but that you can't quite remember when you sit down and try to write them.",[10,822,823,824,835],{},"This third point—",[14,825,827,828,831,832],{"href":826,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=Uhyk2bRTguI","the difference between ",[106,829,830],{},"recognition"," and ",[106,833,834],{},"recall","—is especially important. It's much easier to reach a point where you can recognize the kanji when you see them than it is to reach a point where you can write them from memory.",[10,837,838,839,843],{},"While this is bad news if you're planning to ",[14,840,842],{"href":841},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fhow-to-write-a-japanese-letter","handwrite lots of letters in Japanese",", the good news is that there are very few times when you actually need to write the characters out by hand. Remembering how they look is good enough, and this isn't as hard as you might think.",[165,845,847],{"id":846},"use-a-spaced-repetition-system-srs","Use a spaced repetition system (SRS)",[10,849,850,854],{},[14,851,853],{"href":852,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpaced_repetition","Spaced repetition"," is an algorithm-supported approach to reviewing information that solves three important learning problems. It tells you:",[263,856,857,860,863],{},[74,858,859],{},"What to learn next",[74,861,862],{},"That you'll probably forget {some things} if you don't review it today",[74,864,865,866,869],{},"That you remember {other things} well enough and ",[106,867,868],{},"don't"," need to review it today",[10,871,872],{},"The SRS then keeps track of your performance with each of those things to help organize your studies:",[71,874,875,878],{},[74,876,877],{},"The more often you get something correct, the less often you'll review it",[74,879,880],{},"The less often you get something correct, the more often you'll review it",[10,882,883],{},"Here's a way to visualize that process. In the below image, box #1 is reviewed most often (daily) and box #5 is reviewed least often (perhaps once a month).",[885,886],"img",{"src":887,"width":888,"height":889,"alt":890},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_leitner.webp",640,338,"A visual example of the leitner technique, an early approach to spaced repetition.",[10,892,893],{},"It's a simple practice, but it yields a very powerful result: you spend more of your time practicing the things you need to practice and waste less of your time reviewing things you already know well. As someone who has used SRS software for over 10 years, I personally consider them to be modern-day magic. So long as you're consistent, pretty much everything that goes into your SRS will eventually end up in your long-term memory.",[10,895,896],{},"Many of the tools and resources we'll cover down below come equipped with built-in spaced repetition systems. It's just that powerful. Everybody who knows what it does wants to take advantage of it.",[165,898,900],{"id":899},"consume-japanese-content-to-learn-words-and-kanji-simultaneously","Consume Japanese content to learn words and kanji simultaneously",[10,902,903],{},"You see, spaced repetition is kind of like going to the gym. It'll make you stronger, and that's helpful for playing sports, but getting good at basketball is more than just having big muscles. It also requires playing a lot of basketball. Similarly, spaced repetition should complement your immersion (using Japanese to do cool things), not replace it.",[10,905,906,907,910],{},"We think that a big part of the \"secret\" to learning languages is simply spending a lot of time enjoying yourself in the language, so we built a tool that makes it possible for beginners to do that. You see, when you're watching anime or reading Murakami Haruki, you aren't ",[106,908,909],{},"just"," having fun. You're also making important observations about Japanese.",[10,912,913],{},"For example, consider these three words:",[71,915,916,930,942],{},[74,917,918,921,922,925,926,929],{},[41,919],{"lang":43,"syntax":920},"心理学[しんりがく]","\n — (shinrigaku \n",[31,923],{"src":924,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_心理学.mp3","\n, \n",[106,927,928],{},"psychology","\n)\n",[74,931,932,935,936,925,939,929],{},[41,933],{"lang":43,"syntax":934},"学生[がくせい]","\n — (gakusei \n",[31,937],{"src":938,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_学生.mp3",[106,940,941],{},"student",[74,943,944,947,948,925,951,929],{},[41,945],{"lang":43,"syntax":946},"大学[だいがく]","\n — (daigaku \n",[31,949],{"src":950,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_大学.mp3",[106,952,953],{},"university",[10,955,956],{},"Notice that all three of them share the 学 character, that they all contain \"gaku\", and that they're all related to school\u002Feducation? Well, that's no accident! The character 学 means \"learn\", and its on'yomi is \"gaku\". So long as you know these three words, you get this information about the kanji they contain for free. This is much more efficient than focusing on each individual kanji one-by-one.",[155,958,959],{},[10,960,961],{},"You don't need to spend a ton of time studying kanji before you can start enjoying Japanese content. On the contrary, consuming a lot of Japanese content will help you naturally acquire kanji, vocabulary, grammar, and more.",[60,963],{},[63,965,967],{"id":966},"tools-and-resources-for-kanji-learning","Tools and Resources for Kanji Learning",[10,969,970],{},"Now that you know how kanji work and have a couple ideas about how to approach them, all that's left is to get started. Here are several tools that I have personally experimented with. I recommend:",[263,972,973,976,979],{},[74,974,975],{},"Pick one main resource",[74,977,978],{},"Give it a bit of time each day for a month",[74,980,981],{},"After a month passes, reflect on how you're doing: keep going if you're satisfied with your progress, consider changing things up if you notice obvious holes in your knowledge",[10,983,984],{},"People have successfully learned kanji and made progress in Japanese with each of the below tools, so there isn't necessarily a single \"right\" option. At the end of the day, what really counts is whether you end up seeing the resource through to the end or not.",[165,986,988],{"id":987},"kanji-textbooks","Kanji textbooks",[990,991,993],"h4",{"id":992},"_1-remembering-the-kanji-rtk","1. Remembering the Kanji (RTK)",[10,995,996,997,1001],{},"It would be hard to talk about kanji resources without bringing up ",[14,998,1000],{"href":999,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FRemembering-Kanji-Complete-Japanese-Characters\u002Fdp\u002F0824835921","Remembering the Kanji"," by Dr. James W. Heisig. The book begins with a practical guide to building mnemonics and then a suggestion of how to make your own flashcards to study the book's material. After providing that background, the book guides you through all of the kanji in a progressive format:",[263,1003,1004,1010,1013],{},[74,1005,1006,1007,93],{},"You are taught 34 basic kanji over the first two chapters in the \"kanji → keyword → story (radicals bolded) → stroke order\" format (",[106,1008,1009],{},"see photo below",[74,1011,1012],{},"In each following chapter, Heisig introduces a few new radicals and radical-like elements",[74,1014,1015],{},"Heisig then introduces all of the new kanji you can make by combining the kanji you know with these new radicals",[885,1017],{"src":1018,"width":1019,"height":1020,"alt":1021},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_heisig_tongue.webp",976,408,"An excerpt from the book Reading the Kanji by James Heisig, depicting the kanji for 'tongue'.",[10,1023,1024],{},"Looking at this photo above—the idea here is that you learned 口 (mouth) in chapter one, and in chapter three you've just learned 千 (thousand), so now you're putting 口 and 千 together to make 舌 (tongue). The stories give you a mental path to follow so that, hopefully, if you remember 口 or 千, you can also find your way to 舌. After the first several chapters, Heisig expects you to begin making your own stories.",[990,1026,1028],{"id":1027},"_2-kodansha-kanji-learners-course-kklc","2. Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course (KKLC)",[10,1030,1031,1032,1036],{},"Published more recently in 2013, the ",[14,1033,1035],{"href":1034,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FKodansha-Kanji-Learners-Course-Step\u002Fdp\u002F1568365268\u002F"," Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course"," is another book that in many ways builds on RTK. The basic idea is the same—you see characters, keywords, mnemonics, and stroke order—but it also provides sample vocabulary words\u002Fphrases and notes about common on'yomi\u002Fkun'yomi readings. In my personal experience, I've found that people who dislike RTK seem to like KKLC.",[10,1038,1039,1040],{},"Whereas RTK is more of an exercise book that you work through, the KKLC is more like a reference material—a big kanji book. The author also has a detailed companion website that covers, among other things, ",[14,1041,1043],{"href":1042,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fkeystojapanese.com\u002Fhow-to-study\u002F"," how to study with KKLC",[885,1045],{"src":1046,"width":1047,"height":1020,"alt":1048},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_kklc_middle.webp",944,"An excerpt from the book Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course by Anthon Scott Conning, depicting the kanji for 'middle'.",[165,1050,1052],{"id":1051},"apps-and-websites","Apps and websites",[990,1054,1056],{"id":1055},"_1-skritter","1. Skritter",[10,1058,1059,1060,1063,1064,109],{},"We talked about handwriting above—most learners don't realistically ",[106,1061,1062],{},"need"," to learn to write in Japanese, but if you're artsy or you just like handwriting, you'll like ",[14,1065,1068],{"href":1066,"rel":1067},"https:\u002F\u002Fskritter.com\u002F",[85],"Skritter",[885,1070],{"src":1071,"width":1072,"height":1073,"alt":1074},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_skritter.webp",2388,1122,"An excerpt from Skritter's landing page, showing the app and some of its functionalities.",[10,1076,1077],{},"Skritter has you learn kanji by writing them. Its handwriting recognition is excellent, and it will even provide you with stylistic feedback to make your characters look nicer. As the app observes your writing, it uses a spaced-repetition system to schedule characters for review in the future.",[990,1079,1081],{"id":1080},"_2-wanikani","2. WaniKani",[10,1083,1084,1085,109],{},"If you turned Remembering the Kanji into an app, updated it to also teach kanji readings and vocabulary, and then had a great design team set their sight on kanji flashcards, you'd have ",[14,1086,1088],{"href":1087,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wanikani.com\u002F","WaniKani",[885,1090],{"src":1091,"width":1092,"height":1093,"alt":1094},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-wanikani.webp",1460,1152,"A screenshot of wanikani's app interface, showing how they teach kanji.",[10,1096,1097],{},"The app follows a similar progression as RTK—you learn a few new radicals, then learn a few kanji you can build using those radicals, then learn a few vocab words which include those kanji—and everything you learn is built on top of a spaced repetition system, so you'll end up committing the things you learn to memory if you stay consistent with your studies.",[990,1099,1101],{"id":1100},"_3-anki","3. Anki",[10,1103,1104,1108,1109,1113],{},[14,1105,1107],{"href":1106,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.ankiweb.net\u002F","Anki"," is an open-sourced application for learning content via flashcards that's backed by a powerful spaced repetition algorithm. It's not specifically for learning Japanese—you can use it for anything—but there are ",[14,1110,1112],{"href":1111,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fankiweb.net\u002Fshared\u002Fdecks?search=japanese","many free community decks"," available, some of which were obviously the result of many hours of work by passionate learners.",[10,1115,1116],{},"The biggest advantage and disadvantage of Anki is that you'll need to learn how to use it. It's an open-source sandbox with a somewhat significant learning curve. If you enjoy tweaking settings to get things exactly the way you like them, and get annoyed with the quality of the content in mass market learning materials, you'll probably like Anki.",[10,1118,1119,1120,109],{},"To give you an example of the cool things you can do with Anki, here's a kanji learning tool we built for it: ",[14,1121,1124],{"href":1122,"rel":1123},"https:\u002F\u002Fankiweb.net\u002Fshared\u002Finfo\u002F1872210448",[85],"Migaku Kanji GOD",[885,1126],{"src":1127,"width":1128,"height":1129,"alt":1130},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_kanji-god.webp",1550,1314,"A screenshot of Migaku's Kanji GOD addon, showing how we automate the process of learning kanji.",[10,1132,1133],{},"The front of the flashcard contains those 4 characters you see at the top. After you flip the card over, you'll see this additional information. At the very bottom of the card, we've also gathered several mnemonic stories you can use to remember the kanji.",[165,1135,1137],{"id":1136},"miscellaneous-resources","Miscellaneous resources",[990,1139,1141],{"id":1140},"japanese-dictionaries","Japanese dictionaries",[10,1143,1144,1145,1149,1150,1154,1155],{},"For computer: ",[14,1146,1148],{"href":1147,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fjisho.org\u002F","Jisho.org"," | For iOS: ",[14,1151,1153],{"href":1152,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.apple.com\u002Fus\u002Fapp\u002Fshirabe-jisho\u002Fid1005203380","Shirabe Jisho"," | For Android: ",[14,1156,1158],{"href":1157,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fplay.google.com\u002Fstore\u002Fapps\u002Fdetails?id=jp.takoboto&hl=en_US"," Takoboto",[10,1160,1161],{},"These are the free dictionaries I personally use across my various devices. They're all free and useful in a pinch. Here's what I like about each one:",[71,1163,1164,1174,1179],{},[74,1165,1166,1169,1170],{},[77,1167,1168],{},"Jisho"," — Fast, EN\u003C>JP search, many example sentences, and ",[14,1171,1173],{"href":1172,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reddit.com\u002Fr\u002FLearnJapanese\u002Fcomments\u002Fx466lr\u002Ftip_an_extension_that_adds_pitchaccent_to_jishoorg\u002F"," a plugin that provides pitch-accent information",[74,1175,1176,1178],{},[77,1177,1153],{}," — It's usable offline and has \"conjugation trees\" showing all of the forms of any verb",[74,1180,1181,1184],{},[77,1182,1183],{},"Takoboto"," — It's usable offline and is incredibly fast",[990,1186,1188],{"id":1187},"grid-paper","Grid paper",[10,1190,1191],{},"If you go take calligraphy lessons in Japan, you'll practice by writing the kanji on 4x4 grids. Symmetry and proportions are an important part of kanji, and if you don't naturally have a knack for handwriting, your characters will probably come out looking pretty funky. Practice with grid paper helps with that.",[71,1193,1194,1202],{},[74,1195,1196,1197,1201],{},"If you've opted to use KKLC, Andrew also sells the ",[14,1198,1200],{"href":1199,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FKanji-Learners-Course-Green-Book\u002Fdp\u002F069272799X\u002F","KKLC Green Book",", which contains all of the kanji in KKLC order and gives you 12 chances to practice writing each one",[74,1203,1204,1205],{},"If you have access to a printer, try ",[14,1206,1208],{"href":1207,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fteamjapanese.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F02\u002FTJ-japanese-writing-practice-paper-15mm-grid.pdf","this template from Team Japanese",[990,1210,1212],{"id":1211},"the-japanese-language-proficiency-test-jlpt","The Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT)",[10,1214,1215],{},"All of the resources we've shared so far are from independent creators and companies, but if you want to do this more officially, you might find it motivating to work through the JLPT levels in sequential order: it shrinks the infinitely-big goal of \"learning Japanese\" down into the more manageable \"let's just pass one test at a time.\"",[10,1217,1218],{},"Here are JLPT kanji practice books in order:",[71,1220,1221,1227,1233,1239,1245],{},[74,1222,1223],{},[14,1224,1226],{"href":1225,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fmastering-kanji-guide-to-jlpt-n5-kanji","JLPT N5—119 kanji",[74,1228,1229],{},[14,1230,1232],{"href":1231,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n4-kanji","JLPT N4—278 kanji",[74,1234,1235],{},[14,1236,1238],{"href":1237,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fcollections\u002Fjlpt-study-books\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n3-kanji","JLPT N3—354 kanji",[74,1240,1241],{},[14,1242,1244],{"href":1243,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fcollections\u002Fjlpt-study-books\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n2-kanji","JLPT N2—1046 kanji",[74,1246,1247],{},[14,1248,1250],{"href":1249,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fcollections\u002Fjlpt-study-books\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n1-kanji","JLPT N1—677 kanji",[10,1252,1253,1254,1256],{},"Note that the JLPT does ",[106,1255,162],{}," test writing or speaking, so these books will not help you learn to write the kanji. (If that's what you want, check out the KKLC Green Book from the above section). Instead, they will test you on things like whether you know how to read a certain kanji or which kanji compound is the most suitable choice to complete a sentence.",[10,1258,1259],{},"Following the above links will let you see a sample lesson from each book.",[60,1261],{},[63,1263,1265],{"id":1264},"what-i-wish-i-knew-when-i-set-out-to-learn-japanese","What I wish I knew when I set out to learn Japanese",[10,1267,1268],{},"In fall 2014 I moved to Japan to finish my degree (anthropology students had to spend two years abroad), and I passed the JLPT N1 in 2022. I moved to Taiwan and began learning Mandarin in spring 2018, and passed a Mandarin proficiency test of similar difficulty in 2024. Suffice it to say that I've spent a lot of time with these characters.",[10,1270,1271],{},"If I could go back to 2014, knowing what I know now, here are some of of the things I'd tell myself about learning kanji:",[165,1273,1275],{"id":1274},"mediocre-workouts-done-religiously-outperform-perfect-workouts-never-done","Mediocre workouts done religiously outperform perfect workouts never done",[10,1277,1278],{},"I'm going to go out on a limb here: you've probably read six blog posts, watched two YouTube videos, and spent way too many hours on Reddit in search of the most optimal way to learn kanji.",[10,1280,1281],{},"You're ready for this, friend.",[10,1283,1284],{},"People have learned Japanese successfully by using each of the tools we mentioned above... and people have also learned Japanese effectively without using any of them. If you've already spent a few days researching kanji learning strategies, just jump in. Pick an approach that seems useful and sustainable to you. Keep at it for at least 30 days. When that time has passed, take a moment to reflect on your progress. Keep going if you're happy, make an adjustment if you're not.",[10,1286,1287,1288,1291],{},"You ",[106,1289,1290],{},"could"," spend a year theorizing about the best way to learn kanji... but if you'd instead just learned six to seven new kanji per day using whatever old method, you'd have learned all the kanji you need for the highest-level Japanese proficiency test in that year.",[10,1293,1294],{},"Don't let \"perfect\" be the enemy of \"good enough\" 🙂",[165,1296,1298],{"id":1297},"whatever-method-you-pick-you-wont-be-done-with-the-kanji-when-you-finish-it","Whatever method you pick, you won't be done with the kanji when you finish it",[10,1300,1301],{},"For the most part, kanji learning tools are like training wheels. They'll teach you to ride a bike, but being able to stay upright on a bicycle doesn't mean you're ready for the Tour de France.",[10,1303,1304,1305,1308],{},"Pick your resource and get through it, but don't spend a ton of time or effort on it. You don't need to learn its contents like the back of your hand. Your only real goal right now is to learn the kanji just well enough to begin consuming Japanese content, which is where the ",[106,1306,1307],{},"real"," learning happens.",[155,1310,1311],{},[10,1312,1313],{},"Learning Japanese is more than mastering kanji, so try not to get hung up on your kanji studies. You will learn them as a byproduct of spending time in Japanese.",[165,1315,1317],{"id":1316},"so-how-do-you-get-really-good-at-the-kanji","So how do you get really good at the kanji?",[10,1319,1320],{},"Today, the kanji feel like letters to me. I see them and they just \"have\" sound and meaning. To super condense how I got here:",[263,1322,1323,1326,1329,1332],{},[74,1324,1325],{},"Use your resource to learn the basics; just get to a point where the kanji aren't scary anymore",[74,1327,1328],{},"Start consuming content that you enjoy in Japanese, if you haven't already",[74,1330,1331],{},"Mostly go with the flow, but periodically look things up if they stick out to you",[74,1333,1334],{},"With time and exposure, the kanji will become second nature",[10,1336,1337],{},"It might seem counterintuitive, but if you're reading books or even just subtitles, you'll end up seeing thousands of kanji being used in natural contexts per day. Your brain is a pattern recognition machine and will do impressive things with all that context.",[10,1339,1340,1341,1343],{},"For example, you'll see a line of dialogue where someone says that their 日 hurts. You'll initially be confused: what does it mean for your ",[106,1342,238],{}," to hurt? Then you'll look closer and see that this is actually 目 (eye) not 日 (sun). Suddenly, you appreciate this little detail. You'll accumulate hundreds of little experiences like this, and before you know it, kanji just won't be that difficult anymore.",[165,1345,1347],{"id":1346},"dont-study-for-long-blocks-of-time-instead-mobilize-your-downtime","Don't study for long blocks of time; instead, mobilize your downtime",[10,1349,1350,1351,1355],{},"Here's an interesting tidbit from learning psychology: ",[14,1352,1354],{"href":1353,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSerial-position_effect","we tend to better remember the first and last few items in a series better than the stuff in the middle."," You've probably heard that it's better to learn in many short sessions instead of one long one, and this is part of the reason for that.",[10,1357,1358],{},"Flashcards are great for this. When you're walking to a class or to lunch, heading to the bathroom, waiting on the microwave, rolling your eyes at a commercial—that's the perfect time to sneak in four or five flashcards. Getting your learning done throughout the day like this reduces stress and preserves your free time in the evenings.",[10,1360,1361,1362,1366],{},"We've actually got ",[14,1363,1365],{"href":1364},"\u002Fblog\u002Fyoutube\u002Fwe-spent-10000-hours-to-make-the-perfect-japanese-course","an entire beginner's Japanese course in flashcard format",". You can try it free for ten days and don't need to input payment information or anything like that, so you can see how the \"mobilize your downtime\" approach works for you and then commit later.",[165,1368,1370],{"id":1369},"what-to-do-when-youre-feeling-burned-out","What to do when you're feeling burned out",[10,1372,1373,1374,1377],{},"If you're like most people, you'll decide you want to learn a million kanji by tomorrow, start spending forty hours a day on this... and at some point begin realizing that this ",[106,1375,1376],{},"might"," not be sustainable. Do you quit Japanese?",[10,1379,1380],{},"No.",[10,1382,1383],{},"Here's one of my favorite quotes:",[155,1385,1386,1391],{},[10,1387,1388],{},[106,1389,1390],{},"We usually describe a task as difficult because we're dissatisfied with our performance, which means we've started judging. Your expectations haven't been met, and maybe you're starting to doubt whether you'll ever succeed, which can sap your motivation. You're not actually struggling with {the thing}, you're struggling with unrealistic expectations and an idealized image of what you think \"should\" be happening.",[71,1392,1393],{},[74,1394,1395],{},[14,1396,1398],{"href":1397,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FMind-Illuminated-Meditation-Integrating-Mindfulness\u002Fdp\u002F1501156985","John Yates, \"The Mind Illuminated\"",[10,1400,1401],{},"The perspective I've learned to have is that life is long and that my livelihood doesn't depend on speaking perfect Japanese. What Japanese brings to my life is value\u002Fsatisfaction, and I hope to enjoy that for as long a period of time as possible.",[10,1403,1404,1405,1410],{},"When I feel burned out, I take a break. I keep watching YouTube, reading, ",[14,1406,1409],{"href":1407,"rel":1408},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=d76F_B8wxZ4",[85],"listening to city pop","—the stuff I love—but I don't study or do anything that takes energy.",[71,1412,1413,1416],{},[74,1414,1415],{},"In the worst case scenario, I end up maintaining my connection to Japanese.",[74,1417,1418],{},"In the best case scenario, I end up building a sizeable to-read and to-watch list of stuff that is a bit too difficult to comfortably enjoy now, and that stuff becomes my motivation to continue practicing.",[10,1420,1421],{},"A short trip is better than a long fall.",[60,1423],{},[63,1425,1427],{"id":1426},"the-worlds-most-efficient-kanji-course","The world's most efficient kanji course",[10,1429,1430],{},"Originally, Migaku we had a very narrow focus: we wanted to build a tool that would streamline the process of looking up unknown words you encounter in Japanese media and turning useful-looking ones into high-quality flashcards. Our target audience was the intermediate learner of Japanese who tended to be neglected by other platforms.",[10,1432,1433],{},"Unfortunately, we just couldn't find a resource we felt comfortable recommending to users that would get them from zero to a level where they could really use our product. As you likely noticed, all of the resources introduced above come with pretty notable tradeoffs.",[10,1435,1436],{},"That was a problem for us.",[10,1438,1439],{},"Eventually, we gave up the search and made our own course. It turned out pretty great.",[885,1441],{"src":1442,"width":1443,"height":1444,"alt":1445},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-kanji-course-plug.jpeg",1802,1258,"A screenshot from the Migaku Kanji course, showing how we help users learn kanji",[10,1447,1448,1449,109],{},"The Migaku Kanji Course takes the best elements from tools like Remembering the Kanji and Wani Kani—the approach to breaking down kanji, the use of mnemonics, and the ",[14,1450,1452],{"href":1451},"\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Fspaced-repetition-language-learning","spaced-repetition algorithm",[10,1454,1455],{},"From there, we go a few steps further:",[885,1457],{"src":1458,"width":1459,"height":1460,"alt":1461},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-kanj-course-academy-integration.jpeg",1660,1156,"A screenshot from the Migaku Japanese course, showing how we help users learn Japanese words and grammar",[10,1463,1464],{},"The idea is that you start our kanji course first, then, a week later, start working through the Migaku Japanese Academy at the same pace. They integrate very nicely:",[71,1466,1467,1470],{},[74,1468,1469],{},"The Academy teaches the specific ~1,500 words and ~300 grammar points you need to go from zero to being able to stumble through Netflix",[74,1471,1472],{},"The Kanji course is paced such that you always study a kanji character in isolation before you see it used in sentences",[10,1474,1475],{},"By the time you're done, you'll recognize all of the kanji you're likely to see on a regular basis, and also have a system to learn any new kanji you encounter as you go.",[1477,1478],"prose-button",{"href":16,"text":1479},"Learn Japanese with Migaku",[60,1481],{},[63,1483,1485],{"id":1484},"faqs-common-problems-how-to-overcome-them","FAQs: Common problems & how to overcome them",[10,1487,1488],{},"We talked about more holistic \"learning how to learn\" stuff above. Now, we'll get into a few concrete kanji problems that you're inevitably going to encounter.",[165,1490,1492],{"id":1491},"how-do-i-keep-all-of-these-onyomi-and-kunyomi-straight","How do I keep all of these on'yomi and kun'yomi straight?",[10,1494,1495],{},"Don't! For now, ignore the readings and focus on consuming content and learning vocabulary. As you do that, you'll naturally learn the on'yomi and kun'yomi.",[10,1497,1498],{},"For example, here are a few basic words you'll learn early on that include the kanji 日 (sun), for example:",[71,1500,1501,1516,1532],{},[74,1502,1503,1506,1507,1510,1511,925,1514,929],{},[41,1504],{"lang":43,"syntax":1505},"日本語[にほんご]","\n — (\n",[77,1508,1509],{},"ni","\nhongo \n",[31,1512],{"src":1513,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_日本語.mp3",[106,1515,442],{},[74,1517,1518,1521,1522,1525,1526,925,1529,929],{},[41,1519],{"lang":43,"syntax":1520},"明日[あした]","\n — (a\n",[77,1523,1524],{},"shita","\n \n",[31,1527],{"src":1528,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_明日.mp3",[106,1530,1531],{},"tomorrow",[74,1533,1534,1537,1538,1525,1541,925,1544,929],{},[41,1535],{"lang":43,"syntax":1536},"月曜日[げつようび]","\n — (getsuyou\n",[77,1539,1540],{},"bi",[31,1542],{"src":1543,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_月曜日.mp3",[106,1545,1546],{},"Monday",[10,1548,1549],{},"There's never a situation outside of school where somebody is going to stop you and ask you to recite all the readings of a particular kanji... but if you know a few words with 日, you'll also know that 日 can be pronounced as \"ni\", \"shita\", and \"bi\".",[155,1551,1552],{},[10,1553,1554],{},"If you're consuming content, you're learning Japanese. If you're learning vocabulary words, you're learning kanji and their readings. It's a beautiful, positive, self-reinforcing cycle.",[165,1556,1558],{"id":1557},"how-do-i-retain-all-of-this-information-about-the-kanji","How do I retain all of this information about the kanji?",[10,1560,1561],{},"Language is one of those things where if you don't use it, you lose it. That in mind, you have two main options available to you:",[263,1563,1564,1567],{},[74,1565,1566],{},"You can continue doing your flashcards forever",[74,1568,1569],{},"You can begin spending some of your free time doing things in Japanese",[10,1571,1572],{},"The great thing about reading books and watching j-dramas (and so forth) is that they act as a kind of natural spaced repetition system. When you consume content in Japanese, you'll be prompted to remember kanji and make sense of thousands of words. You'll quickly reach a point where basic words, kanji, and grammar points just make sense to you, and as you continue doing what you enjoy doing, you'll gradually master all of the things you need to know to do that thing well.",[10,1574,1575],{},"So: put in a bit of work to learn the basics, start spending time in Japanese, then continue enjoying yourself in Japanese.",[165,1577,1579],{"id":1578},"what-do-i-do-if-i-confuse-one-kanji-with-another-kanji","What do I do if I confuse one kanji with another kanji?",[10,1581,1582],{},"In practice, know that this isn't as big of an issue as it seems like it would be.",[10,1584,1585],{},"土 (earth) and 士 (samurai\u002Fscholar) look really similar, and if you only ever see these words in workbooks or flashcards, they're indeed confusing! But if you're actually watching anime or talking to people, there just aren't that many situations when \"earth\" and \"scholar\" are interchangeable. Context pretty much solves the \"similar kanji\" problem for you.",[10,1587,1588,1589,1592],{},"But let's say that something ",[106,1590,1591],{},"does"," trip you up. I personally struggled with 隠 (conceal) vs 穏 (calmness), for example. My first step is always to isolate the characters and compare the kanji radicals. Here, we see that 隠 has 阝 and that 穏 has 禾.",[10,1594,1595],{},"Simply noticing this difference may be enough to resolve your confusion, but if not, here are a few \"next steps\" I've taken and found helpful:",[263,1597,1598,1601,1604],{},[74,1599,1600],{},"Use the see-link-go method mentioned in section 2 to create one story that connects 阝 (mound) to 隠 (conceal) and another that connects 禾 (grain) to 穏 (calmness). So long as you remember one of the stories, you're good!",[74,1602,1603],{},"Make six or ten physical flashcards, each one with 穏 or 隠 on the front and a translation on the back. Shuffle them, then take ten minutes to drill them.",[74,1605,1606,1607,1611],{},"Flag both of the words via ",[14,1608,1610],{"href":1609},"\u002Fblog\u002Fyoutube\u002Fsupercharge-your-language-learning-tracking-learned-words","Migaku's \"tracking\" feature"," so they stand out whenever you see them on the computer.",[165,1613,1615],{"id":1614},"what-happens-when-i-come-across-a-kanji-i-dont-recognize","What happens when I come across a kanji I don't recognize?",[10,1617,1618],{},"Even just twenty years ago, you'd be stuck. If you had a paper dictionary, you'd need to know the kanji's radical and then look it up. If you had an electronic dictionary, you'd have to know the correct stroke order, put your book down, and draw the kanji. This was a painful process.",[10,1620,1621],{},"Nowadays, parsing written Japanese is much easier. The technology we have today makes it very easy to read Japanese, so long as your content is digital:",[71,1623,1624,1630,1636,1647],{},[74,1625,1626,1629],{},[77,1627,1628],{},"On iOS or Kindle",", simply long-tap the unknown word and then click \"look up\". You'll see dictionary definitions pop up.",[74,1631,1632,1635],{},[77,1633,1634],{},"On Android or desktop",", copy the word and paste it into one of the dictionaries we mentioned above.",[74,1637,1638,1641,1642,1646],{},[77,1639,1640],{},"If you're good with computers",", you can set up ",[14,1643,1645],{"href":1644,"target":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fthemoeway\u002Fyomitan","Yomitan",", which brings up a dictionary entry whenever you hover your mouse over an unknown vocabulary word",[74,1648,1649,368,1652,1656],{},[77,1650,1651],{},"If you want a prepackaged solution",[14,1653,1655],{"href":1654},"\u002F","Migaku"," lets you do all of the above with pretty much no setup—we also have an intelligent camera feature that will let you use our technology with physical books",[10,1658,1659],{},"Either of these options represent an incredible improvement over paper dictionaries, so I strongly recommend beginning your Japanese journey with digital media.",[165,1661,1663],{"id":1662},"i-can-read-kanji-just-fine-but-i-never-remember-how-to-write-them","I can read kanji just fine, but I never remember how to write them",[10,1665,1666,1667,45,1671,1674],{},"It's not just you! There's actually a Chinese proverb about this: ",[41,1668],{"lang":1669,"syntax":1670},"zh","提筆忘字[ti2 bi3 wang4 zi4]",[31,1672],{"src":1673,":type":34},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fzh_提筆忘字.mp3",". Literally meaning \"take pen, forget character\", this refers to the phenomenon in which native speakers are forgetting how to write some characters by hand because nowadays we use computers and phones.",[10,1676,1677,1678,1681],{},"When you type Japanese on a computer, you see a little menu like this after typing ",[106,1679,1680],{},"nihongo",":",[885,1683],{"src":1684,"width":1685,"height":1686,"alt":1687},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_typing.webp",1228,396,"A screenshot of a Japanese typing IME, showing how people type in Japanese.",[10,1689,1690,1691,1693,1694,1696,1697,1700],{},"So you don't actually have to remember how to write ",[41,1692],{"lang":43,"syntax":1505}," (nihongo, ",[106,1695,442],{},"). All you have to do is pick the right word out of the list. If you know how to read kanji, you effectively know how to read ",[106,1698,1699],{},"and"," write kanji.",[155,1702,1703],{},[10,1704,1705,1706,1709],{},"I highly recommend taking 4 minutes to watch ",[14,1707,1708],{"href":826,"target":175},"this video on recall vs recognition"," from Khan Academy. Understanding this concept will make your life as a language learner easier.",[165,1711,1713,1714,1717],{"id":1712},"kanji-seem-too-difficult-what-if-i-just-want-to-speak-japanese","... Kanji seem too difficult. What if I just want to ",[106,1715,1716],{},"speak"," Japanese?",[10,1719,1720,1721,1724],{},"This might ",[106,1722,1723],{},"seem"," like a good idea right now, but it'd probably end up being more difficult to learn Japanese without the kanji than it is to learn it with them. As we mentioned in the introduction, there is virtually no content in Japanese that doesn't have kanji. If you skip them, you'd be limiting yourself almost entirely to learning Japanese by talking with Japanese people. That's not super practical.",[10,1726,1727],{},"Here's some good news for you:",[71,1729,1730,1733],{},[74,1731,1732],{},"Kanji are a front-loaded challenge, meaning that the difficult part comes first, then things get easier. Each kanji means something, so even if you run into a new word you've never seen before, the kanji give you an idea of what it means.",[74,1734,1735],{},"English's alphabet is a back-loaded challenge. It's easy to learn the 26 letters, but the trade-off is that they give you no information about the meaning of the word they appear in.",[10,1737,1738,1739,1742],{},"Now consider that a college-educated native speaker knows about 30,000 words. That's a lot to look up! An English speaker will struggle with that for their entire life—just yesterday I looked up the word ",[106,1740,1741],{},"macroscian","—but this isn't as big of a deal in Japanese.",[60,1744],{},[63,1746,1748],{"id":1747},"some-closing-thoughts","Some closing thoughts",[10,1750,1751,1752,1755],{},"Wow! That was a lot. We initially planned this to be a ~2,000 word post, but it ended up being ~6,000... and there's ",[106,1753,1754],{},"still"," more I could say about the kanji.",[10,1757,1758],{},"For now, fellow Japanese learner, know that this is going to be a challenge and require commitment. Nevertheless, it gets better. You'll struggle, you'll grow, and you'll feel accomplished. I dare say that most learners who make it through the beginner phase end up loving the kanji.",[10,1760,1761],{},"In parting, remember the golden rule of language learning:",[155,1763,1764],{},[10,1765,1766,1767],{},"If you consume Japanese media you enjoy, and you understand some of the messages and sentences within that media, you will make progress. ",[106,1768,1769],{},"Period.",{"title":1771,"searchDepth":1772,"depth":1772,"links":1773},"",2,[1774,1782,1788,1793,1800,1801,1810],{"id":65,"depth":1772,"text":66,"children":1775},[1776,1778,1779,1780,1781],{"id":167,"depth":1777,"text":168},3,{"id":251,"depth":1777,"text":252},{"id":340,"depth":1777,"text":341},{"id":435,"depth":1777,"text":436},{"id":605,"depth":1777,"text":606},{"id":679,"depth":1772,"text":680,"children":1783},[1784,1785,1786,1787],{"id":686,"depth":1777,"text":687},{"id":786,"depth":1777,"text":787},{"id":846,"depth":1777,"text":847},{"id":899,"depth":1777,"text":900},{"id":966,"depth":1772,"text":967,"children":1789},[1790,1791,1792],{"id":987,"depth":1777,"text":988},{"id":1051,"depth":1777,"text":1052},{"id":1136,"depth":1777,"text":1137},{"id":1264,"depth":1772,"text":1265,"children":1794},[1795,1796,1797,1798,1799],{"id":1274,"depth":1777,"text":1275},{"id":1297,"depth":1777,"text":1298},{"id":1316,"depth":1777,"text":1317},{"id":1346,"depth":1777,"text":1347},{"id":1369,"depth":1777,"text":1370},{"id":1426,"depth":1772,"text":1427},{"id":1484,"depth":1772,"text":1485,"children":1802},[1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808],{"id":1491,"depth":1777,"text":1492},{"id":1557,"depth":1777,"text":1558},{"id":1578,"depth":1777,"text":1579},{"id":1614,"depth":1777,"text":1615},{"id":1662,"depth":1777,"text":1663},{"id":1712,"depth":1777,"text":1809},"... Kanji seem too difficult. What if I just want to speak Japanese?",{"id":1747,"depth":1772,"text":1748},"If you want to learn Japanese, you have to learn kanji. We'll explain what kanji are, how they differ from radicals and vocabulary, and how to learn them.","md",{"timestampUnix":1814,"slug":1815,"h1":1816,"image":1817,"tags":1822},1728527155027,"how-to-learn-kanji","Learn Japanese Kanji: The Best Way to Master Kanji and Radicals Without Memorizing",{"src":1818,"width":1819,"height":1820,"alt":1821},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-japanese-kanji.webp",4032,3024,"Several Japanese lanterns, each one featuring a few kanji characters.",[1823,243,1824,1825],"fundamentals","deepdive","resources",true,"\u002Farticle\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-kanji","---\ntitle: 'Japanese Basics: The Best Way to Learn Kanji. Memorize Japanese Kanji Easily!'\ndescription: \"If you want to learn Japanese, you have to learn kanji. We'll explain what kanji are, how they differ from radicals and vocabulary, and how to learn them.\"\ntimestampUnix: 1728527155027\nslug: 'how-to-learn-kanji'\nh1: 'Learn Japanese Kanji: The Best Way to Master Kanji and Radicals Without Memorizing'\nimage:\n  src: '\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-japanese-kanji.webp'\n  width: 4032\n  height: 3024\n  alt: 'Several Japanese lanterns, each one featuring a few kanji characters.'\ntags:\n  - fundamentals\n  - kanji\n  - deepdive\n  - resources\n---\n\nI hate to be the bearer of bad news, but if you want to [learn Japanese](\u002Flearn-japanese), you need to learn kanji. Sorry, friend.\n\nAnyway!\n\nThe kanji are [one of the three \"alphabets\" used to write Japanese](\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fthe-japanese-alphabets), alongside the hiragana (ひらがな \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_ひらがな.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>) and katakana (カタカナ \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_カタカナ.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>). Whereas the hiragana and katakana are completely phonetic and simply represent sounds, each kanji is a unique symbol that has a specific meaning. For example, the word \"kanji\" (\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"漢字[かんじ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_漢字.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>) literally means \"Chinese\" (漢) \"character\" (字).\n\nGiven this relationship between kanji and Japanese words, learning Japanese means learning a lot of kanji. Everything written in Japanese is written in kanji, from books to subtitles to street signs. Menus in restaurants include kanji, and Japanese dictionaries are organized by the parts a word's kanji contains. Even beginner textbooks quickly phase out romanizations and hiragana in favor of kanji.\n\nThis deep dive contains everything you need to know to start learning kanji. We'll cover:\n\n::toc\n::\n\n---\n\n## How Japanese Kanji Work\n\nVery generally speaking, here's the anatomy of a kanji character:\n\n- **Strokes** — [Individual strokes of a brush](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_strokes#Basic_strokes) ([chart here](\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_strokes#\u002Fmedia\u002FFile:CJK_37_Strokes_(8+29).png>))\n- **Components** — [Specific sequences of strokes](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency#Table) that receive names and get used as building blocks to create characters. The main component in each character is called a _radical_.\n- **Characters** — Specific combinations of components (here are the [kyōiku kanji](\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKy%C5%8Diku_kanji#First_grade_(80_kanji)>), which are learned in elementary school)\n- **Words** — May be a single character, multiple characters, a mix of characters and hiragana, hiragana alone, or katakana alone\n\nSo the stroke \"丨\" (tatebou, _vertical line_) appears in the component 日 (_day_), this component appears in the character 時 (_time_), and this character appears in the word 時間 (じかん, _time\u002Fperiod_).\n\nUnfortunately, things _do_ get a little more complicated. Some strokes double as components, some components double as characters, and some words consist of a single character. If you're feeling overwhelmed, just remember this:\n\n> Kanji are _not_ random collections of strokes. There are thousands of kanji, but they all boil down to being different combinations of the same components.\n\n### Radicals (部首), the core of each kanji\n\nThe oldest form of written Chinese we know of, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOracle_bone_script\" target=\"_blank\">the Oracle Bone Script,\u003C\u002Fa> dates back to before 1,000 BC. Some of these characters are similar enough to our modern characters to be recognizable, but they were not standardized and came in many variations.\n\nOver a thousand years later, the scholar Xu Shen created the Shouwen Jiezi, a dictionary that contained a detailed analysis of the usage and structure of characters used in The Five Classics (of the Han dynasty). What's special about this dictionary is that:\n\n- It's a (massive) list of characters that is broken into sections\n- Each section is headed by a specific sequence of strokes\n- Each character in each section contains this same sequence of strokes\n\nAnd nobody had done anything like this before.\n\nXu Shen called these shared sequences of strokes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_radicals\" target=\"_blank\">\"**radicals (\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"部首[ぶしゅ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>)**\"\u003C\u002Fa> \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_部首.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, which literally means _section_ (部) _head\u002Fchief_ (首): the shared component that he felt defined\u002Fheaded a section\u002Fgroup of characters.\n\nWe still use this same system of classification today, but we now recognize only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKangxi_radicals\" target=\"_blank\">214 unique radicals\u003C\u002Fa>, as opposed to Xu Shen's 500+.\n\n> The radical of 時 (time) is 日 (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRadical_72\" target=\"_blank\">_sun_, radical 72\u003C\u002Fa>), which simply means that the character 時 will appear in the 日 section of a _kanji_ dictionary. (There are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJapanese_dictionary#Lexicographical_terminology\" target=\"_blank\">multiple types of Japanese dictionaries!\u003C\u002Fa>)\n\n### The structure of kanji\n\nYou might believe me when I tell you that the radical of 時 is 日, but you probably also have another question: what about that 寺 on the right side? Don't we care about it?\n\nAnd that's an important question!\n\nTo answer it, it's important to understand that Xu Shen was observing and analyzing the kanji, and he did so in several different ways. For example, by:\n\n1. **Components** — If we ignore the radical and think instead about what a particular component brings to a character, we end up with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FChinese_character_internal_structures#Internal_structural_components\" target=\"_blank\">three categories\u003C\u002Fa>: things that offer phonetic (sound) information, things that offer semantic (meaning) information, and things that contain neither.\n2. **Radicals** — The \"main\" component of a kanji, as determined by Xu Shen. This was a somewhat arbitrary designation: 日 is the radical of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E6%99%82#Han_character\" target=\"_blank\">時\u003C\u002Fa>, but not of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E8%80%85#Han_character\" target=\"_blank\">者\u003C\u002Fa>. There are also cases like 初 (first) where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdictionary.goo.ne.jp\u002Fword\u002Fkanji\u002F%E5%88%9D\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">Japanese dictionaries say the radical is 刀\u003C\u002Fa> but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdict.mini.moe.edu.tw\u002FSearchIndex\u002Fword_detail?wordID=D0003945&breadcrumbs=Search_%E5%88%9D_one&dictSearchField=%E5%88%9D\" target=\"_blank\"> Chinese dictionaries say the radical is 衣\u003C\u002Fa>\n3. **Placement** — Characters are also classified by the position in which their radical occupies, such as on the left side (called \"hen\") or on top (called \"kanmuri\"). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency#Table_key\" target=\"_blank\">There are 7 main positions\u003C\u002Fa>, one of which has several sub-positions.\n\nIf you've got a moment, you can try this for yourself:\n\n1. Ignore the Japanese and focus on the image\u002Fchart at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.goo.ne.jp\u002Fishiseiji\u002Fe\u002F09d12633e3321d5563556c847fd79cb6\" target=\"_blank\">the top of this article\u003C\u002Fa>\n2. Scroll through this list of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_jōyō_kanji\" target=\"_blank\">the 2,136 \"regular-use\" kanji\u003C\u002Fa>\n3. See if you notice any structural patterns\n\n> 時 is kanji #818 on the above list. It's a \"hen\" kanji, meaning that the radical (日) is on the left side. It's also what's called a phonetic-semantic kanji, which we'll discuss in the next section.\n\n### The 4 (main) types of kanji\n\nCombining the concepts of components, radicals, and radical placement, plus earlier work from other scholars, Xu Shen identified \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKanji#Types_of_kanji_by_category\" target=\"_blank\">four types of kanji\u003C\u002Fa>. (Actually 6, but the other two are more contested and less useful for learners, so we'll skip them.)\n\n1. **\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"象形文字[しょうけいもじ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> Pictographic Characters** — these kanji look like the thing they are representing. Examples include \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"川[かわ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (kawa \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_川.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _river_) and \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"山[やま]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (yama \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_山.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _mountain_).\n2. **\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"指事文字[しじもじ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> Simple Ideographs** — These characters represent an abstract idea or concept. Examples include \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"上[うえ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (ue \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_上.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _up_) and \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"下[した]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (shita \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_下.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _down_).\n3. **\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"会意文字[かいいもじ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> Compound Ideographs** — These characters combine pictographs and\u002For simple ideographs to represent an abstract idea or concept. Examples include the character for rest 休 (person 人 + tree 木) and the character for following a path 辿 (walk ⻍ + 山 mountain)\n4. **\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"形声文字[けいせいもじ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> Phonetic-Semantic Characters** — These characters combine a phonetic component that gives information about what a character sounds like and a semantic component that gives information about what it means. Examples include 時 from above (time: semantic 日 \"sun\" + phonetic 寺 \"temple\") and 銅 (copper: semantic 金 \"metal\" + phonetic 同 \"same\").\n\nOver half of the kanji are phonetic-semantic characters, so as you learn more vocabulary words, you'll eventually develop a somewhat-accurate intuition for how a new character likely sounds. This is one reason that kanji get easier to learn as you learn more of them.\n\n### Onyomi and Kunyomi, the reading\u002Fpronunciation of kanji\n\nWe can now finally address a question that's likely been on your mind: if this is _Japanese_, then why are we talking about _Chinese_ characters?\n\nAnd the answer is pretty straightforward: Japan originally lacked a writing system and China was a major influence in the region. Oversimplifying quite a bit, bilingual court officials basically forced the Chinese characters onto native Japanese words. Some Chinese words were also borrowed into Japanese. _(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKanji#History\" target=\"_blank\">If you have some time, it's a cool story.\u003C\u002Fa>)_\n\nAs you might imagine, this got messy. Virtually all characters have some Japanese readings and some Chinese readings, and while you can usually guess whether a Chinese or Japanese reading will be used, you can't always guess _which_ of the various Chinese or Japanese readings will be used. You just have to learn them as you go.\n\nTo briefly compare these two different ways of reading kanji:\n\n- **\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"訓読み[くんよみ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_訓読み.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> — Kun'yomi, a character's \"Japanese\" reading**\n\n  - **Definition** — The way(s) that a character is pronounced in cases where it was superimposed onto an existing Japanese word.\n  - **When to use** — Kun'yomi are used when a word consists of a mix of kanji and hiragana, and are sometimes used in cases where a word consists of a single kanji with no hiragana.\n  - **Examples** — the character \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"中[なか]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_中.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> has a kun'yomi of \"naka\" as a standalone word for \"middle\", and the character 光 has a kunyomi of \"hika\" in the word \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"光[ひか]る\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (hikaru \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_光る.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _to shine\u002Fto glitter_).\n\n- **\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"音読み[おんよみ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_音読み.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>— On'yomi, a character's \"Chinese\" reading**\n  - **Definition** — Japanese approximations of the way a character was historically pronounced in the original Chinese word\u002Flanguage.\n  - **When to use** — Generally speaking, if you see a word that consists of multiple kanji stuck together and no hiragana, on'yomi will probably be used. (These words are called \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"熟語[じゅくご]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (jukugo \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_熟語.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _kanji compounds_) .)\n  - **Examples** — The character 中 has an on'yomi of \"chuu\" in the compound word \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"中国[ちゅうごく]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (chuugoku \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_中国.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _China; literally \"middle country\"_) , and the character 光 has an on'yomi of \"kou\" in the compound word \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"光明[こうみょう]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (koumyou \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_光明.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _bright light_).\n\nThen, remember how I said that there wasn't a reliable way to guess the way to pronounce a character? There's even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbenesse.jp\u002Fkyouiku\u002Fteikitest\u002Fchu\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese\u002Fc00534.html\" target=\"_blank\">a handful of two-kanji words in which one kanji uses kun'yomi and the other uses on'yomi \u003C\u002Fa> (link is in Japanese). A common example is \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"台所[だいどころ]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (daidokoro \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_台所.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _kitchen_), in which 台 has the on'yomi reading \"dai\" and 所 has the kun'yomi reading \"dokoro\".\n\nAll these rules and exceptions in mind, we recommend _not_ actively trying to memorize the on'yomi and kun'yomi of a kanji. You'll acquire this knowledge naturally as you learn more Japanese words. We'll talk about this more in the section on learning kanji.\n\n### How many kanji characters do you need to know?\n\nThis depends entirely on what you want to do with Japanese.\n\n- **Bare minimum: ~1,000 kanji** — If you're looking for a bare minimum number to begin getting through manga, light novels, and text messages, it's in this ballpark.\n- **High-school level: 2,136 kanji** — Here's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_jōyō_kanji\" target=\"_blank\">a list of kanji\u003C\u002Fa> that the Japanese Ministry of Education has dubbed \"regular-use kanji\" (_jouyou kanji_ in Japanese). These are the characters that Japanese students learn while in school, and they may appear in mass-market books and newspaper articles without \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFurigana\" target=\"_blank\">furigana\u003C\u002Fa> (little hiragana that show how to pronounce a word). This is also roughly the amount of kanji required to pass the JLPT N1, the highest level of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJapanese-Language_Proficiency_Test\" target=\"_blank\">the Japanese Language Proficiency Test\u003C\u002Fa>.\n- **Book worms: ~3,000 kanji**: There are many literary and technical kanji that only see use in, well, literary and technical contexts. If you go through university in Japan or develop a love for Japanese literature, you'll end up learning over an extra 1,000 characters through exposure.\n- **Scholars: 6,350 kanji**: Aimed at native Japanese people, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKanji_Kentei#Level_1\" target=\"_blank\">Japanese Kanji Aptitude Test\u003C\u002Fa> (\u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"日本[にほん] 漢字[かんじ] 能力[のうりょく] 検定[けんてい]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>, nihon kanji nouryoku kentei \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_日本漢字能力検定.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>) focuses entirely on kanji proficiency. Passing this test is considered prestigious, and would be listed on a resumé.\n\nThis all goes to say that if you Google _how many kanji should I learn_, different places will give you different answers.\n\nI would personally recommend worrying less about the number of kanji you know and more about the number of words. The context provided by vocabulary words will make it easier to remember the kanji they contain, and focusing on words also saves you from spending time on technical\u002Fobscure kanji that you may never actually see in real life.\n\n---\n\n## Tips to Learn Kanji Efficiently\n\nNow you understand that kanji aren't just squiggles on a page... but how do you go about learning over a thousand unique characters?\n\n### Use mnemonics to help memorize kanji\n\nHere's a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=iWE5ea7tdB4\" target=\"_blank\">4-time memory champion talking about how he memorizes things\u003C\u002Fa>. It boils down to turning information into something he can visualize, and he does that by making mnemonics. This is a three-step process:\n\n1. **See** — translate the information into something he can visualize\n2. **Link** — connect the image to something you already know (so you can find it later)\n3. **Go** — get silly; your mnemonic will be easier to remember if it's funny, shocking, gross, etc\n\nThe \"lego blocks put together\" nature of kanji lends itself really well to making mnemonics. For example, here's one story I made that's stuck with me for ten years:\n\n> - **Character**: 始 (_start_)\n> - **Components**: 女 (_woman_), 厶 (_looks like an elbow to me_), 口 (_mouth_)\n> - **Mnemonic story**: I open the door to my grandparents' house... and, in front of my eyes, my 300-pound \u003Cu>_grandma_\u003C\u002Fu> is upside down, doing a headstand — \u003Cu>_mouth_\u003C\u002Fu> on the floor, \u003Cu>_elbows_\u003C\u002Fu> up in the air. I stand there, staring in shock, watching, helplessly, as grandma \u003Cu>**starts**\u003C\u002Fu> falling over.\n\nThat might look like a lot of work, but before long, making these stories becomes second nature. It's easier than you think, and can even be kind of fun. Best of all, that silly story transforms 始 from 8 random strokes into 3 meaningful parts.\n\nIf you're looking for a way to memorize kanji, mnemonics should be in your toolbox.\n\n### Write kanji out by hand\n\nYou'll benefit in a few key ways:\n\n1. **Stroke order**: Kanji are written according to a [consistent set of guidelines](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStroke_order#General_guidelines): top to bottom, left to right. Once you get a feel for this, you'll become able to correctly write any character, even ones you haven't seen before.\n\n2. **Initial exposure**: Knowledge is a spectrum, and the first step in learning anything is simply processing the information at hand. This is a low-stress way to get the characters and their components into your brain.\n\n3. **Perspective**: You'll notice that there are many kanji that you _know_ you know—you know them when you see them, after all!—but that you can't quite remember when you sit down and try to write them.\n\nThis third point—\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=Uhyk2bRTguI\" target=\"_blank\">the difference between _recognition_ and _recall_\u003C\u002Fa>—is especially important. It's much easier to reach a point where you can recognize the kanji when you see them than it is to reach a point where you can write them from memory.\n\nWhile this is bad news if you're planning to [handwrite lots of letters in Japanese](\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fhow-to-write-a-japanese-letter), the good news is that there are very few times when you actually need to write the characters out by hand. Remembering how they look is good enough, and this isn't as hard as you might think.\n\n### Use a spaced repetition system (SRS)\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSpaced_repetition\" target=\"_blank\">Spaced repetition\u003C\u002Fa> is an algorithm-supported approach to reviewing information that solves three important learning problems. It tells you:\n\n1. What to learn next\n2. That you'll probably forget {some things} if you don't review it today\n3. That you remember {other things} well enough and _don't_ need to review it today\n\nThe SRS then keeps track of your performance with each of those things to help organize your studies:\n\n- The more often you get something correct, the less often you'll review it\n- The less often you get something correct, the more often you'll review it\n\nHere's a way to visualize that process. In the below image, box #1 is reviewed most often (daily) and box #5 is reviewed least often (perhaps once a month).\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_leitner.webp\" width=\"640\" height=\"338\" alt=\"A visual example of the leitner technique, an early approach to spaced repetition.\">\n\nIt's a simple practice, but it yields a very powerful result: you spend more of your time practicing the things you need to practice and waste less of your time reviewing things you already know well. As someone who has used SRS software for over 10 years, I personally consider them to be modern-day magic. So long as you're consistent, pretty much everything that goes into your SRS will eventually end up in your long-term memory.\n\nMany of the tools and resources we'll cover down below come equipped with built-in spaced repetition systems. It's just that powerful. Everybody who knows what it does wants to take advantage of it.\n\n### Consume Japanese content to learn words and kanji simultaneously\n\nYou see, spaced repetition is kind of like going to the gym. It'll make you stronger, and that's helpful for playing sports, but getting good at basketball is more than just having big muscles. It also requires playing a lot of basketball. Similarly, spaced repetition should complement your immersion (using Japanese to do cool things), not replace it.\n\nWe think that a big part of the \"secret\" to learning languages is simply spending a lot of time enjoying yourself in the language, so we built a tool that makes it possible for beginners to do that. You see, when you're watching anime or reading Murakami Haruki, you aren't _just_ having fun. You're also making important observations about Japanese.\n\nFor example, consider these three words:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"心理学[しんりがく]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> — (shinrigaku \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_心理学.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _psychology_)\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"学生[がくせい]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> — (gakusei \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_学生.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _student_)\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"大学[だいがく]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> — (daigaku \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_大学.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _university_)\n\nNotice that all three of them share the 学 character, that they all contain \"gaku\", and that they're all related to school\u002Feducation? Well, that's no accident! The character 学 means \"learn\", and its on'yomi is \"gaku\". So long as you know these three words, you get this information about the kanji they contain for free. This is much more efficient than focusing on each individual kanji one-by-one.\n\n> You don't need to spend a ton of time studying kanji before you can start enjoying Japanese content. On the contrary, consuming a lot of Japanese content will help you naturally acquire kanji, vocabulary, grammar, and more.\n\n---\n\n## Tools and Resources for Kanji Learning\n\nNow that you know how kanji work and have a couple ideas about how to approach them, all that's left is to get started. Here are several tools that I have personally experimented with. I recommend:\n\n1. Pick one main resource\n2. Give it a bit of time each day for a month\n3. After a month passes, reflect on how you're doing: keep going if you're satisfied with your progress, consider changing things up if you notice obvious holes in your knowledge\n\nPeople have successfully learned kanji and made progress in Japanese with each of the below tools, so there isn't necessarily a single \"right\" option. At the end of the day, what really counts is whether you end up seeing the resource through to the end or not.\n\n### Kanji textbooks\n\n#### 1. Remembering the Kanji (RTK)\n\nIt would be hard to talk about kanji resources without bringing up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FRemembering-Kanji-Complete-Japanese-Characters\u002Fdp\u002F0824835921\" target=\"_blank\">Remembering the Kanji\u003C\u002Fa> by Dr. James W. Heisig. The book begins with a practical guide to building mnemonics and then a suggestion of how to make your own flashcards to study the book's material. After providing that background, the book guides you through all of the kanji in a progressive format:\n\n1. You are taught 34 basic kanji over the first two chapters in the \"kanji → keyword → story (radicals bolded) → stroke order\" format (_see photo below_)\n2. In each following chapter, Heisig introduces a few new radicals and radical-like elements\n3. Heisig then introduces all of the new kanji you can make by combining the kanji you know with these new radicals\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_heisig_tongue.webp\" width=\"976\" height=\"408\" alt=\"An excerpt from the book Reading the Kanji by James Heisig, depicting the kanji for 'tongue'.\">\n\nLooking at this photo above—the idea here is that you learned 口 (mouth) in chapter one, and in chapter three you've just learned 千 (thousand), so now you're putting 口 and 千 together to make 舌 (tongue). The stories give you a mental path to follow so that, hopefully, if you remember 口 or 千, you can also find your way to 舌. After the first several chapters, Heisig expects you to begin making your own stories.\n\n#### 2. Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course (KKLC)\n\nPublished more recently in 2013, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FKodansha-Kanji-Learners-Course-Step\u002Fdp\u002F1568365268\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"> Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course\u003C\u002Fa> is another book that in many ways builds on RTK. The basic idea is the same—you see characters, keywords, mnemonics, and stroke order—but it also provides sample vocabulary words\u002Fphrases and notes about common on'yomi\u002Fkun'yomi readings. In my personal experience, I've found that people who dislike RTK seem to like KKLC.\n\nWhereas RTK is more of an exercise book that you work through, the KKLC is more like a reference material—a big kanji book. The author also has a detailed companion website that covers, among other things, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkeystojapanese.com\u002Fhow-to-study\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"> how to study with KKLC\u003C\u002Fa>\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_kklc_middle.webp\" width=\"944\" height=\"408\" alt=\"An excerpt from the book Kodansha Kanji Learner's Course by Anthon Scott Conning, depicting the kanji for 'middle'.\">\n\n### Apps and websites\n\n#### 1. Skritter\n\nWe talked about handwriting above—most learners don't realistically _need_ to learn to write in Japanese, but if you're artsy or you just like handwriting, you'll like [Skritter](https:\u002F\u002Fskritter.com\u002F).\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_skritter.webp\" width=\"2388\" height=\"1122\" alt=\"An excerpt from Skritter's landing page, showing the app and some of its functionalities.\">\n\nSkritter has you learn kanji by writing them. Its handwriting recognition is excellent, and it will even provide you with stylistic feedback to make your characters look nicer. As the app observes your writing, it uses a spaced-repetition system to schedule characters for review in the future.\n\n#### 2. WaniKani\n\nIf you turned Remembering the Kanji into an app, updated it to also teach kanji readings and vocabulary, and then had a great design team set their sight on kanji flashcards, you'd have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wanikani.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">WaniKani\u003C\u002Fa>.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-wanikani.webp\" width=\"1460\" height=\"1152\" alt=\"A screenshot of wanikani's app interface, showing how they teach kanji.\">\n\nThe app follows a similar progression as RTK—you learn a few new radicals, then learn a few kanji you can build using those radicals, then learn a few vocab words which include those kanji—and everything you learn is built on top of a spaced repetition system, so you'll end up committing the things you learn to memory if you stay consistent with your studies.\n\n#### 3. Anki\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.ankiweb.net\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">Anki\u003C\u002Fa> is an open-sourced application for learning content via flashcards that's backed by a powerful spaced repetition algorithm. It's not specifically for learning Japanese—you can use it for anything—but there are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fankiweb.net\u002Fshared\u002Fdecks?search=japanese\" target=\"_blank\">many free community decks\u003C\u002Fa> available, some of which were obviously the result of many hours of work by passionate learners.\n\nThe biggest advantage and disadvantage of Anki is that you'll need to learn how to use it. It's an open-source sandbox with a somewhat significant learning curve. If you enjoy tweaking settings to get things exactly the way you like them, and get annoyed with the quality of the content in mass market learning materials, you'll probably like Anki.\n\nTo give you an example of the cool things you can do with Anki, here's a kanji learning tool we built for it: [Migaku Kanji GOD](https:\u002F\u002Fankiweb.net\u002Fshared\u002Finfo\u002F1872210448).\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_kanji-god.webp\" width=\"1550\" height=\"1314\" alt=\"A screenshot of Migaku's Kanji GOD addon, showing how we automate the process of learning kanji.\">\n\nThe front of the flashcard contains those 4 characters you see at the top. After you flip the card over, you'll see this additional information. At the very bottom of the card, we've also gathered several mnemonic stories you can use to remember the kanji.\n\n### Miscellaneous resources\n\n#### Japanese dictionaries\n\nFor computer: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjisho.org\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">Jisho.org\u003C\u002Fa> | For iOS: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.apple.com\u002Fus\u002Fapp\u002Fshirabe-jisho\u002Fid1005203380\" target=\"_blank\">Shirabe Jisho\u003C\u002Fa> | For Android: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplay.google.com\u002Fstore\u002Fapps\u002Fdetails?id=jp.takoboto&hl=en_US\" target=\"_blank\"> Takoboto\u003C\u002Fa>\n\nThese are the free dictionaries I personally use across my various devices. They're all free and useful in a pinch. Here's what I like about each one:\n\n- **Jisho** — Fast, EN\u003C>JP search, many example sentences, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reddit.com\u002Fr\u002FLearnJapanese\u002Fcomments\u002Fx466lr\u002Ftip_an_extension_that_adds_pitchaccent_to_jishoorg\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"> a plugin that provides pitch-accent information\u003C\u002Fa>\n- **Shirabe Jisho** — It's usable offline and has \"conjugation trees\" showing all of the forms of any verb\n- **Takoboto** — It's usable offline and is incredibly fast\n\n#### Grid paper\n\nIf you go take calligraphy lessons in Japan, you'll practice by writing the kanji on 4x4 grids. Symmetry and proportions are an important part of kanji, and if you don't naturally have a knack for handwriting, your characters will probably come out looking pretty funky. Practice with grid paper helps with that.\n\n- If you've opted to use KKLC, Andrew also sells the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FKanji-Learners-Course-Green-Book\u002Fdp\u002F069272799X\u002F\" target=\"_blank\">KKLC Green Book\u003C\u002Fa>, which contains all of the kanji in KKLC order and gives you 12 chances to practice writing each one\n- If you have access to a printer, try \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fteamjapanese.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F02\u002FTJ-japanese-writing-practice-paper-15mm-grid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">this template from Team Japanese\u003C\u002Fa>\n\n#### The Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT)\n\nAll of the resources we've shared so far are from independent creators and companies, but if you want to do this more officially, you might find it motivating to work through the JLPT levels in sequential order: it shrinks the infinitely-big goal of \"learning Japanese\" down into the more manageable \"let's just pass one test at a time.\"\n\nHere are JLPT kanji practice books in order:\n\n- \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fmastering-kanji-guide-to-jlpt-n5-kanji\" target=\"_blank\">JLPT N5—119 kanji\u003C\u002Fa>\n- \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n4-kanji\" target=\"_blank\">JLPT N4—278 kanji\u003C\u002Fa>\n- \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fcollections\u002Fjlpt-study-books\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n3-kanji\" target=\"_blank\">JLPT N3—354 kanji\u003C\u002Fa>\n- \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fcollections\u002Fjlpt-study-books\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n2-kanji\" target=\"_blank\">JLPT N2—1046 kanji\u003C\u002Fa>\n- \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fomgjapan.com\u002Fcollections\u002Fjlpt-study-books\u002Fproducts\u002Fnew-kanzen-master-jlpt-n1-kanji\" target=\"_blank\">JLPT N1—677 kanji\u003C\u002Fa>\n\nNote that the JLPT does _not_ test writing or speaking, so these books will not help you learn to write the kanji. (If that's what you want, check out the KKLC Green Book from the above section). Instead, they will test you on things like whether you know how to read a certain kanji or which kanji compound is the most suitable choice to complete a sentence.\n\nFollowing the above links will let you see a sample lesson from each book.\n\n---\n\n## What I wish I knew when I set out to learn Japanese\n\nIn fall 2014 I moved to Japan to finish my degree (anthropology students had to spend two years abroad), and I passed the JLPT N1 in 2022. I moved to Taiwan and began learning Mandarin in spring 2018, and passed a Mandarin proficiency test of similar difficulty in 2024. Suffice it to say that I've spent a lot of time with these characters.\n\nIf I could go back to 2014, knowing what I know now, here are some of of the things I'd tell myself about learning kanji:\n\n### Mediocre workouts done religiously outperform perfect workouts never done\n\nI'm going to go out on a limb here: you've probably read six blog posts, watched two YouTube videos, and spent way too many hours on Reddit in search of the most optimal way to learn kanji.\n\nYou're ready for this, friend.\n\nPeople have learned Japanese successfully by using each of the tools we mentioned above... and people have also learned Japanese effectively without using any of them. If you've already spent a few days researching kanji learning strategies, just jump in. Pick an approach that seems useful and sustainable to you. Keep at it for at least 30 days. When that time has passed, take a moment to reflect on your progress. Keep going if you're happy, make an adjustment if you're not.\n\nYou _could_ spend a year theorizing about the best way to learn kanji... but if you'd instead just learned six to seven new kanji per day using whatever old method, you'd have learned all the kanji you need for the highest-level Japanese proficiency test in that year.\n\nDon't let \"perfect\" be the enemy of \"good enough\" 🙂\n\n### Whatever method you pick, you won't be done with the kanji when you finish it\n\nFor the most part, kanji learning tools are like training wheels. They'll teach you to ride a bike, but being able to stay upright on a bicycle doesn't mean you're ready for the Tour de France.\n\nPick your resource and get through it, but don't spend a ton of time or effort on it. You don't need to learn its contents like the back of your hand. Your only real goal right now is to learn the kanji just well enough to begin consuming Japanese content, which is where the _real_ learning happens.\n\n> Learning Japanese is more than mastering kanji, so try not to get hung up on your kanji studies. You will learn them as a byproduct of spending time in Japanese.\n\n### So how do you get really good at the kanji?\n\nToday, the kanji feel like letters to me. I see them and they just \"have\" sound and meaning. To super condense how I got here:\n\n1. Use your resource to learn the basics; just get to a point where the kanji aren't scary anymore\n2. Start consuming content that you enjoy in Japanese, if you haven't already\n3. Mostly go with the flow, but periodically look things up if they stick out to you\n4. With time and exposure, the kanji will become second nature\n\nIt might seem counterintuitive, but if you're reading books or even just subtitles, you'll end up seeing thousands of kanji being used in natural contexts per day. Your brain is a pattern recognition machine and will do impressive things with all that context.\n\nFor example, you'll see a line of dialogue where someone says that their 日 hurts. You'll initially be confused: what does it mean for your _sun_ to hurt? Then you'll look closer and see that this is actually 目 (eye) not 日 (sun). Suddenly, you appreciate this little detail. You'll accumulate hundreds of little experiences like this, and before you know it, kanji just won't be that difficult anymore.\n\n### Don't study for long blocks of time; instead, mobilize your downtime\n\nHere's an interesting tidbit from learning psychology: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSerial-position_effect\" target=\"_blank\">we tend to better remember the first and last few items in a series better than the stuff in the middle.\u003C\u002Fa> You've probably heard that it's better to learn in many short sessions instead of one long one, and this is part of the reason for that.\n\nFlashcards are great for this. When you're walking to a class or to lunch, heading to the bathroom, waiting on the microwave, rolling your eyes at a commercial—that's the perfect time to sneak in four or five flashcards. Getting your learning done throughout the day like this reduces stress and preserves your free time in the evenings.\n\nWe've actually got [an entire beginner's Japanese course in flashcard format](\u002Fblog\u002Fyoutube\u002Fwe-spent-10000-hours-to-make-the-perfect-japanese-course). You can try it free for ten days and don't need to input payment information or anything like that, so you can see how the \"mobilize your downtime\" approach works for you and then commit later.\n\n### What to do when you're feeling burned out\n\nIf you're like most people, you'll decide you want to learn a million kanji by tomorrow, start spending forty hours a day on this... and at some point begin realizing that this _might_ not be sustainable. Do you quit Japanese?\n\nNo.\n\nHere's one of my favorite quotes:\n\n> _We usually describe a task as difficult because we're dissatisfied with our performance, which means we've started judging. Your expectations haven't been met, and maybe you're starting to doubt whether you'll ever succeed, which can sap your motivation. You're not actually struggling with {the thing}, you're struggling with unrealistic expectations and an idealized image of what you think \"should\" be happening._\n>\n> - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FMind-Illuminated-Meditation-Integrating-Mindfulness\u002Fdp\u002F1501156985\" target=\"_blank\">John Yates, \"The Mind Illuminated\"\u003C\u002Fa>\n\nThe perspective I've learned to have is that life is long and that my livelihood doesn't depend on speaking perfect Japanese. What Japanese brings to my life is value\u002Fsatisfaction, and I hope to enjoy that for as long a period of time as possible.\n\nWhen I feel burned out, I take a break. I keep watching YouTube, reading, [listening to city pop](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=d76F_B8wxZ4)—the stuff I love—but I don't study or do anything that takes energy.\n\n- In the worst case scenario, I end up maintaining my connection to Japanese.\n- In the best case scenario, I end up building a sizeable to-read and to-watch list of stuff that is a bit too difficult to comfortably enjoy now, and that stuff becomes my motivation to continue practicing.\n\nA short trip is better than a long fall.\n\n---\n\n## The world's most efficient kanji course\n\nOriginally, Migaku we had a very narrow focus: we wanted to build a tool that would streamline the process of looking up unknown words you encounter in Japanese media and turning useful-looking ones into high-quality flashcards. Our target audience was the intermediate learner of Japanese who tended to be neglected by other platforms.\n\nUnfortunately, we just couldn't find a resource we felt comfortable recommending to users that would get them from zero to a level where they could really use our product. As you likely noticed, all of the resources introduced above come with pretty notable tradeoffs.\n\nThat was a problem for us.\n\nEventually, we gave up the search and made our own course. It turned out pretty great.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-kanji-course-plug.jpeg\" width=\"1802\" height=\"1258\" alt=\"A screenshot from the Migaku Kanji course, showing how we help users learn kanji\" \u002F>\n\nThe Migaku Kanji Course takes the best elements from tools like Remembering the Kanji and Wani Kani—the approach to breaking down kanji, the use of mnemonics, and the [spaced-repetition algorithm](\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Fspaced-repetition-language-learning).\n\nFrom there, we go a few steps further:\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-kanj-course-academy-integration.jpeg\" width=\"1660\" height=\"1156\" alt=\"A screenshot from the Migaku Japanese course, showing how we help users learn Japanese words and grammar\" \u002F>\n\nThe idea is that you start our kanji course first, then, a week later, start working through the Migaku Japanese Academy at the same pace. They integrate very nicely:\n\n- The Academy teaches the specific ~1,500 words and ~300 grammar points you need to go from zero to being able to stumble through Netflix\n- The Kanji course is paced such that you always study a kanji character in isolation before you see it used in sentences\n\nBy the time you're done, you'll recognize all of the kanji you're likely to see on a regular basis, and also have a system to learn any new kanji you encounter as you go.\n\n\u003Cprose-button href=\"\u002Flearn-japanese\" text=\"Learn Japanese with Migaku\">\u003C\u002Fprose-button>\n\n---\n\n## FAQs: Common problems & how to overcome them\n\nWe talked about more holistic \"learning how to learn\" stuff above. Now, we'll get into a few concrete kanji problems that you're inevitably going to encounter.\n\n### How do I keep all of these on'yomi and kun'yomi straight?\n\nDon't! For now, ignore the readings and focus on consuming content and learning vocabulary. As you do that, you'll naturally learn the on'yomi and kun'yomi.\n\nFor example, here are a few basic words you'll learn early on that include the kanji 日 (sun), for example:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"日本語[にほんご]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> — (**ni**hongo \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_日本語.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _Japanese_)\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"明日[あした]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> — (a**shita** \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_明日.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _tomorrow_)\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"月曜日[げつようび]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> — (getsuyou**bi** \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fja_月曜日.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>, _Monday_)\n\nThere's never a situation outside of school where somebody is going to stop you and ask you to recite all the readings of a particular kanji... but if you know a few words with 日, you'll also know that 日 can be pronounced as \"ni\", \"shita\", and \"bi\".\n\n> If you're consuming content, you're learning Japanese. If you're learning vocabulary words, you're learning kanji and their readings. It's a beautiful, positive, self-reinforcing cycle.\n\n### How do I retain all of this information about the kanji?\n\nLanguage is one of those things where if you don't use it, you lose it. That in mind, you have two main options available to you:\n\n1. You can continue doing your flashcards forever\n2. You can begin spending some of your free time doing things in Japanese\n\nThe great thing about reading books and watching j-dramas (and so forth) is that they act as a kind of natural spaced repetition system. When you consume content in Japanese, you'll be prompted to remember kanji and make sense of thousands of words. You'll quickly reach a point where basic words, kanji, and grammar points just make sense to you, and as you continue doing what you enjoy doing, you'll gradually master all of the things you need to know to do that thing well.\n\nSo: put in a bit of work to learn the basics, start spending time in Japanese, then continue enjoying yourself in Japanese.\n\n### What do I do if I confuse one kanji with another kanji?\n\nIn practice, know that this isn't as big of an issue as it seems like it would be.\n\n土 (earth) and 士 (samurai\u002Fscholar) look really similar, and if you only ever see these words in workbooks or flashcards, they're indeed confusing! But if you're actually watching anime or talking to people, there just aren't that many situations when \"earth\" and \"scholar\" are interchangeable. Context pretty much solves the \"similar kanji\" problem for you.\n\nBut let's say that something _does_ trip you up. I personally struggled with 隠 (conceal) vs 穏 (calmness), for example. My first step is always to isolate the characters and compare the kanji radicals. Here, we see that 隠 has 阝 and that 穏 has 禾.\n\nSimply noticing this difference may be enough to resolve your confusion, but if not, here are a few \"next steps\" I've taken and found helpful:\n\n1. Use the see-link-go method mentioned in section 2 to create one story that connects 阝 (mound) to 隠 (conceal) and another that connects 禾 (grain) to 穏 (calmness). So long as you remember one of the stories, you're good!\n2. Make six or ten physical flashcards, each one with 穏 or 隠 on the front and a translation on the back. Shuffle them, then take ten minutes to drill them.\n3. Flag both of the words via [Migaku's \"tracking\" feature](\u002Fblog\u002Fyoutube\u002Fsupercharge-your-language-learning-tracking-learned-words) so they stand out whenever you see them on the computer.\n\n### What happens when I come across a kanji I don't recognize?\n\nEven just twenty years ago, you'd be stuck. If you had a paper dictionary, you'd need to know the kanji's radical and then look it up. If you had an electronic dictionary, you'd have to know the correct stroke order, put your book down, and draw the kanji. This was a painful process.\n\nNowadays, parsing written Japanese is much easier. The technology we have today makes it very easy to read Japanese, so long as your content is digital:\n\n- **On iOS or Kindle**, simply long-tap the unknown word and then click \"look up\". You'll see dictionary definitions pop up.\n- **On Android or desktop**, copy the word and paste it into one of the dictionaries we mentioned above.\n- **If you're good with computers**, you can set up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fthemoeway\u002Fyomitan\" target=\"_blank\">Yomitan\u003C\u002Fa>, which brings up a dictionary entry whenever you hover your mouse over an unknown vocabulary word\n- **If you want a prepackaged solution**, [Migaku](\u002F) lets you do all of the above with pretty much no setup—we also have an intelligent camera feature that will let you use our technology with physical books\n\nEither of these options represent an incredible improvement over paper dictionaries, so I strongly recommend beginning your Japanese journey with digital media.\n\n### I can read kanji just fine, but I never remember how to write them\n\nIt's not just you! There's actually a Chinese proverb about this: \u003Ctypo lang=\"zh\" syntax=\"提筆忘字[ti2 bi3 wang4 zi4]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fzh_提筆忘字.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>. Literally meaning \"take pen, forget character\", this refers to the phenomenon in which native speakers are forgetting how to write some characters by hand because nowadays we use computers and phones.\n\nWhen you type Japanese on a computer, you see a little menu like this after typing _nihongo_:\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku_typing.webp\" width=\"1228\" height=\"396\" alt=\"A screenshot of a Japanese typing IME, showing how people type in Japanese.\">\n\nSo you don't actually have to remember how to write \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"日本語[にほんご]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> (nihongo, _Japanese_). All you have to do is pick the right word out of the list. If you know how to read kanji, you effectively know how to read _and_ write kanji.\n\n> I highly recommend taking 4 minutes to watch \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=Uhyk2bRTguI\" target=\"_blank\">this video on recall vs recognition\u003C\u002Fa> from Khan Academy. Understanding this concept will make your life as a language learner easier.\n\n### ... Kanji seem too difficult. What if I just want to _speak_ Japanese?\n\nThis might _seem_ like a good idea right now, but it'd probably end up being more difficult to learn Japanese without the kanji than it is to learn it with them. As we mentioned in the introduction, there is virtually no content in Japanese that doesn't have kanji. If you skip them, you'd be limiting yourself almost entirely to learning Japanese by talking with Japanese people. That's not super practical.\n\nHere's some good news for you:\n\n- Kanji are a front-loaded challenge, meaning that the difficult part comes first, then things get easier. Each kanji means something, so even if you run into a new word you've never seen before, the kanji give you an idea of what it means.\n- English's alphabet is a back-loaded challenge. It's easy to learn the 26 letters, but the trade-off is that they give you no information about the meaning of the word they appear in.\n\nNow consider that a college-educated native speaker knows about 30,000 words. That's a lot to look up! An English speaker will struggle with that for their entire life—just yesterday I looked up the word _macroscian_—but this isn't as big of a deal in Japanese.\n\n---\n\n## Some closing thoughts\n\nWow! That was a lot. We initially planned this to be a ~2,000 word post, but it ended up being ~6,000... and there's _still_ more I could say about the kanji.\n\nFor now, fellow Japanese learner, know that this is going to be a challenge and require commitment. Nevertheless, it gets better. You'll struggle, you'll grow, and you'll feel accomplished. I dare say that most learners who make it through the beginner phase end up loving the kanji.\n\nIn parting, remember the golden rule of language learning:\n\n> If you consume Japanese media you enjoy, and you understand some of the messages and sentences within that media, you will make progress. _Period._\n",{"title":5,"description":1811},"article\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-kanji","Aa7Z5RTFFmNZripwPt445ftomY2QHd62hvxKfsQK3Kg","October 10, 2024",{"approximate_member_count":1834},20140,null,[1837],{"id":4,"title":5,"body":1838,"description":1811,"extension":1812,"meta":2939,"navigation":1826,"path":1827,"rawbody":1828,"seo":2942,"stem":1830,"__hash__":1831,"timestampUnix":1814,"slug":1815,"h1":1816,"image":2940,"tags":2941},{"type":7,"value":1839,"toc":2902},[1840,1844,1846,1858,1860,1862,1864,1866,1868,1870,1902,1912,1916,1922,1924,1928,1930,1938,1940,1954,1958,1970,1972,1974,1976,1978,2004,2006,2018,2022,2024,2028,2078,2080,2082,2088,2094,2098,2100,2174,2184,2188,2190,2192,2224,2228,2230,2232,2234,2236,2238,2242,2256,2258,2298,2300,2302,2304,2306,2325,2333,2337,2339,2343,2353,2355,2361,2363,2365,2367,2369,2371,2373,2377,2379,2405,2407,2411,2413,2415,2417,2425,2427,2429,2431,2435,2445,2447,2449,2451,2455,2459,2461,2463,2465,2472,2474,2476,2478,2482,2484,2486,2488,2494,2496,2501,2503,2505,2507,2509,2517,2519,2535,2537,2539,2549,2551,2553,2555,2577,2581,2583,2585,2587,2589,2591,2593,2595,2597,2599,2603,2605,2607,2609,2613,2617,2619,2621,2631,2633,2637,2639,2643,2645,2649,2651,2655,2657,2659,2671,2673,2678,2684,2686,2688,2690,2692,2694,2696,2698,2700,2704,2706,2708,2710,2716,2718,2720,2722,2724,2726,2728,2730,2732,2764,2766,2770,2772,2774,2780,2782,2784,2786,2788,2790,2794,2796,2806,2808,2810,2812,2834,2836,2838,2844,2848,2850,2858,2864,2868,2872,2874,2880,2884,2886,2888,2892,2894,2896],[10,1841,12,1842,18],{},[14,1843,17],{"href":16},[10,1845,21],{},[10,1847,24,1848,29,1850,35,1852,39,1854,45,1856,49],{},[14,1849,28],{"href":27},[31,1851],{"src":33,":type":34},[31,1853],{"src":38,":type":34},[41,1855],{"lang":43,"syntax":44},[31,1857],{"src":48,":type":34},[10,1859,52],{},[10,1861,55],{},[57,1863],{},[60,1865],{},[63,1867,66],{"id":65},[10,1869,69],{},[71,1871,1872,1882,1891,1898],{},[74,1873,1874,80,1876,87,1879,93],{},[77,1875,79],{},[14,1877,86],{"href":83,"rel":1878},[85],[14,1880,92],{"href":90,"rel":1881},[85],[74,1883,1884,80,1886,104,1889,109],{},[77,1885,98],{},[14,1887,103],{"href":101,"rel":1888},[85],[106,1890,108],{},[74,1892,1893,115,1895,121],{},[77,1894,114],{},[14,1896,120],{"href":118,"rel":1897},[85],[74,1899,1900,127],{},[77,1901,126],{},[10,1903,130,1904,134,1906,138,1908,142,1910,146],{},[106,1905,133],{},[106,1907,137],{},[106,1909,141],{},[106,1911,145],{},[10,1913,149,1914,153],{},[106,1915,152],{},[155,1917,1918],{},[10,1919,159,1920,163],{},[106,1921,162],{},[165,1923,168],{"id":167},[10,1925,171,1926,177],{},[14,1927,176],{"href":174,"target":175},[10,1929,180],{},[71,1931,1932,1934,1936],{},[74,1933,185],{},[74,1935,188],{},[74,1937,191],{},[10,1939,194],{},[10,1941,197,1942,45,1948,211,1950,215,1952,219],{},[14,1943,201,1944,201],{"href":200,"target":175},[77,1945,204,1946,93],{},[41,1947],{"lang":43,"syntax":207},[31,1949],{"src":210,":type":34},[106,1951,214],{},[106,1953,218],{},[10,1955,222,1956,227],{},[14,1957,226],{"href":225,"target":175},[155,1959,1960],{},[10,1961,232,1962,240,1966,244,1968,93],{},[14,1963,1964,239],{"href":235,"target":175},[106,1965,238],{},[106,1967,243],{},[14,1969,248],{"href":247,"target":175},[165,1971,252],{"id":251},[10,1973,255],{},[10,1975,258],{},[10,1977,261],{},[263,1979,1980,1986,1998],{},[74,1981,1982,269,1984,274],{},[77,1983,98],{},[14,1985,273],{"href":272,"target":175},[74,1987,1988,280,1990,285,1992,290,1994,295,1996],{},[77,1989,279],{},[14,1991,284],{"href":283,"target":175},[14,1993,289],{"href":288,"target":175},[14,1995,294],{"href":293,"target":175},[14,1997,299],{"href":298,"target":175},[74,1999,2000,305,2002,310],{},[77,2001,304],{},[14,2003,309],{"href":308,"target":175},[10,2005,313],{},[263,2007,2008,2012,2016],{},[74,2009,318,2010],{},[14,2011,322],{"href":321,"target":175},[74,2013,325,2014],{},[14,2015,329],{"href":328,"target":175},[74,2017,332],{},[155,2019,2020],{},[10,2021,337],{},[165,2023,341],{"id":340},[10,2025,344,2026,349],{},[14,2027,348],{"href":347,"target":175},[263,2029,2030,2048,2066,2072],{},[74,2031,2032,360,2036,364,2038,368,2040,372,2042,376,2044,368,2046,146],{},[77,2033,2034,359],{},[41,2035],{"lang":43,"syntax":358},[41,2037],{"lang":43,"syntax":363},[31,2039],{"src":367,":type":34},[106,2041,371],{},[41,2043],{"lang":43,"syntax":375},[31,2045],{"src":379,":type":34},[106,2047,382],{},[74,2049,2050,391,2054,395,2056,368,2058,372,2060,405,2062,368,2064,146],{},[77,2051,2052,390],{},[41,2053],{"lang":43,"syntax":389},[41,2055],{"lang":43,"syntax":394},[31,2057],{"src":398,":type":34},[106,2059,401],{},[41,2061],{"lang":43,"syntax":404},[31,2063],{"src":408,":type":34},[106,2065,411],{},[74,2067,2068,420],{},[77,2069,2070,419],{},[41,2071],{"lang":43,"syntax":418},[74,2073,2074,429],{},[77,2075,2076,428],{},[41,2077],{"lang":43,"syntax":427},[10,2079,432],{},[165,2081,436],{"id":435},[10,2083,439,2084,443,2086,447],{},[106,2085,442],{},[106,2087,446],{},[10,2089,450,2090],{},[106,2091,453,2092,93],{},[14,2093,457],{"href":456,"target":175},[10,2095,460,2096,464],{},[106,2097,463],{},[10,2099,467],{},[71,2101,2102,2134],{},[74,2103,21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