[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-article-local-japanese-particle-ni":3,"$fHZsWYl_LcdVZ5GxKwtR-ZqvCZbbUdo2_Fi6R_GQKiQM":1156,"blog-article-cms-japanese-particle-ni":1158,"article-hreflang-japanese-particle-ni":1159,"blog-article-related-japanese-particle-ni":1935},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":1135,"extension":1136,"meta":1137,"navigation":1149,"path":1150,"rawbody":1151,"seo":1152,"stem":1153,"__hash__":1154,"timestampUnix":1138,"slug":1139,"h1":1140,"image":1141,"tags":1146,"timestamp":1155,"locale":-1},"content\u002Farticle\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particle-ni.md","Mastering the Use of the Particle に in Japanese",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1115},"minimark",[9,19,22,25,28,52,57,60,68,71,93,96,109,112,120,123,127,130,133,138,141,148,151,176,181,183,187,190,210,213,223,226,284,328,352,356,359,366,384,391,409,419,422,444,479,483,486,512,517,521,548,552,562,565,575,578,588,591,617,621,624,650,654,657,695,701,705,708,726,732,742,746,749,752,770,773,791,795,798,803,806,832,836,839,847,850,853,882,885,900,903,907,916,931,934,944,947,957,960,976,979,982,990,993,996,1007,1010,1017,1020,1024,1027,1039,1046,1049,1052,1055,1061,1068,1076,1079,1083,1086,1092,1094,1098,1101,1112],[10,11,12,13,18],"p",{},"Mastering the Japanese particle に (ni) is an important step on your journey to ",[14,15,17],"a",{"href":16},"\u002Flearn-japanese","learn Japanese",": it's used to mark destinations, points in time, and all sorts of stuff. Important stuff. So much stuff, frankly, that we felt it was worthwhile to dedicate an entire article to nothing but に (ni) and its various usages.",[10,20,21],{},"This article will cover (pretty much) all the usages of に (ni) alongside practical example sentences. We'l cover:",[23,24],"toc",{},[26,27],"hr",{},[29,30,31,36,39],"blockquote",{},[32,33,35],"centered-text",{"bold":34,"underline":34},"","\nForewarning\n",[37,38],"br",{},[10,40,41,42,46,47,51],{},"This article assumes that you can already read hiragana. If not, we applaud your go-getter spirit. Before you read this article, you may want to take a detour to first check out ",[14,43,45],{"href":44},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fthe-japanese-alphabets","what hiragana is used for",", then read this article while referencing ",[14,48,50],{"href":49},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fthe-japanese-language-hiragana","our hiragana cheat sheet",".",[53,54,56],"h2",{"id":55},"the-basics-of-grammatical-particles-in-general","The basics of grammatical particles, in general",[10,58,59],{},"Before we can start talking about the grammatical particle に (ni), we should take a moment to make sure you're clear on what a grammatical particle is.",[10,61,62,63,67],{},"The best way I've found to explain this is to say that a grammatical particle is kind of like a ",[64,65,66],"u",{},"post","position.",[10,69,70],{},"You know what prepositions are—they're little words that go in front of things:",[72,73,74,81,87],"ul",{},[75,76,77,80],"li",{},[64,78,79],{},"in"," the park",[75,82,83,86],{},[64,84,85],{},"on"," Tuesday",[75,88,89,92],{},[64,90,91],{},"beside"," the nine-foot tall baboon",[10,94,95],{},"And Japanese particles (\"postpositions\") are a lot like that, except for the fact that:",[72,97,98,106],{},[75,99,100,101,105],{},"They come ",[102,103,104],"em",{},"after"," the word or phrase they pertain to",[75,107,108],{},"There are a bunch of particles that do a bunch of different things, not just show where something is located",[10,110,111],{},"So, for example:",[72,113,114,117],{},[75,115,116],{},"If you're eating a pizza, you tack を onto the word \"pizza\" to show that it's what you're eating",[75,118,119],{},"If you're watching a movie in a cafe, you tack で onto the word \"cafe\" to show that it's the location where you're watching the movie",[10,121,122],{},"There are a lot of particles and they do a bunch of different things, but they all have the same goal: specify the grammatical function that a word (or phrase) is playing in a specific sentence.",[53,124,126],{"id":125},"the-basics-of-に-ni-specifically","The basics of に (ni), specifically",[10,128,129],{},"I'm not going to lie: it's a bit difficult to concisely explain the purpose of に (ni) because it does a ton of different things.",[10,131,132],{},"Like eleven things, to be exact.",[10,134,135,51],{},[102,136,137],{},"Eleven",[10,139,140],{},"(Perhaps even a few more.)",[142,143],"img",{"src":144,"width":145,"height":146,"alt":147},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-japanese-ni-omg.gif",960,674,"A man staring in absolute shock at the fact that the Japanese particle に (ni) has so many use cases",[10,149,150],{},"But what all those usages have in common is that they show some sort of direction:",[72,152,153,160,167,170,173],{},[75,154,155,156,159],{},"It may be a literal direction, as in saying you're going ",[102,157,158],{},"to"," a certain place",[75,161,162,163,166],{},"It may be a social direction, as in saying that you received something ",[102,164,165],{},"from"," someone",[75,168,169],{},"It may be a philosophical direction, as in saying something has changed from state A to state B",[75,171,172],{},"It may be a rhetorical direction, as in pointing out the cause of something",[75,174,175],{},"... and then it does a couple of seemingly unrelated things, too",[29,177,178],{},[10,179,180],{},"We're going to do our best to be exhaustive in this article, but if you're new to Japanese and this is the first time you're learning about the particle に (ni), it's enough to know that it has something to do with direction. The first few usages listed are super common, while the later ones are a bit rarer.",[26,182],{},[53,184,186],{"id":185},"_1-use-に-ni-to-mark-destinations","1. Use に (ni) to mark destinations",[10,188,189],{},"The most basic usage of に (ni) is to indicate a destination—to say that you're going somewhere:",[72,191,192,202],{},[75,193,194,199,201],{},[195,196],"typo",{"lang":197,"syntax":198},"ja","買い物[かいもの] を 済[す,すませる]ませて{、}家[いえ]に 帰[かえ,かえる]った{。}",[37,200],{},"\n (I) finished shopping and then went (returned) home.\n",[75,203,204,207,209],{},[195,205],{"lang":197,"syntax":206},"弟[おとうと] は 学校[がっこう] に 行[い,いく]った{。}",[37,208],{},"\n My younger brother went to school.\n",[10,211,212],{},"If you're the one moving something, you can also use に (ni) to show where you're moving it to:",[72,214,215],{},[75,216,217,220,222],{},[195,218],{"lang":197,"syntax":219},"ゴミ箱[ごみばこ] に ゴミ[ごみ] を 捨[す,すてる]てた{。}",[37,221],{},"\n (I) threw the garbage in the trash can.\n",[10,224,225],{},"Then, if you really want to split hairs:",[227,228,230,237,240,254,257,281],"accordion",{"heading":229},"Comparing に (ni) vs へ (he)",[10,231,232,233,51],{},"We talk about this in more detail in ",[14,234,236],{"href":235},"\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particles-guide#common-sources-of-confusion","our deep dive into Japanese particles",[10,238,239],{},"While に (ni) and へ (he) are interchangeable when talking about motion (and only about motion—not any of the other usages we're about to discuss), there is an important difference in nuance:",[72,241,242,248],{},[75,243,244,245],{},"に (ni) shows a ",[102,246,247],{},"destination",[75,249,250,251],{},"へ (he) shows a ",[102,252,253],{},"direction",[10,255,256],{},"So if we compare:",[72,258,259,271],{},[75,260,261,264,265,267,268,270],{},[195,262],{"lang":197,"syntax":263},"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] に 行[い]く","\n。\n",[37,266],{},"\n I'm going \n",[102,269,158],{},"\n Tokyo.\n",[75,272,273,264,276,267,278,270],{},[195,274],{"lang":197,"syntax":275},"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] へ 行[い]く",[37,277],{},[102,279,280],{},"toward",[10,282,283],{},"They're often interchangeable because arriving to Tokyo necessarily means that you were also headed in the direction of Tokyo, but not always interchangeable because heading toward Tokyo doesn't mean that you'll arrive to Tokyo.",[227,285,287,291,294,302,305,315,318],{"heading":286},"Comparing に (ni) vs で (de)",[10,288,232,289,51],{},[14,290,236],{"href":235},[10,292,293],{},"While both に (ni) and で (de) are related to locations, they are never interchangeable and have a very important difference in nuance:",[72,295,296,299],{},[75,297,298],{},"に (ni) shows a destination—the place you're going to",[75,300,301],{},"で (de) shows a location—the place where you're doing something",[10,303,304],{},"So if we take the example sentence from above:",[72,306,307],{},[75,308,309,264,311,267,313,270],{},[195,310],{"lang":197,"syntax":263},[37,312],{},[102,314,158],{},[10,316,317],{},"And then try to swap the に (ni) out with で (de), we can't do that unless we also change the verb:",[72,319,320],{},[75,321,322,264,325,327],{},[195,323],{"lang":197,"syntax":324},"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] で{（}何[なに] か を する{）}",[37,326],{},"\n I'm (doing something) in Tokyo.\n",[227,329,331,334],{"heading":330},"Use に (ni) to show the purpose of movement",[10,332,333],{},"You can take the root form of a verb, attach に (ni) to it, and then attach a verb of motion to に　(ni) to say that you are going\u002Fcoming\u002Fetc. to do something:",[72,335,336,344],{},[75,337,338,341,343],{},[195,339],{"lang":197,"syntax":340},"おにぎり を 買[か,かう]い に 行[ゆ,ゆく]きます{。}",[37,342],{},"\n I'm going (out) to buy a rice ball.\n",[75,345,346,349,351],{},[195,347],{"lang":197,"syntax":348},"流れ星[ながれぼし] を 見[み,みる]に 行[い]こう{！}",[37,350],{},"\n Let's go to see the shooting star!\n",[53,353,355],{"id":354},"_2-use-に-ni-to-show-existence-or-presence","2. Use に (ni) to show existence or presence",[10,357,358],{},"If you're talking about a location, you're usually going to mark that location with で (de) because the particle で (de) is used to show where an action takes place. However, if you're talking about the existence or presence of something, you'll use に (ni).",[10,360,361,362,365],{},"Sometimes, you'll be ",[102,363,364],{},"literally"," talking about existence:",[72,367,368,376],{},[75,369,370,373,375],{},[195,371],{"lang":197,"syntax":372},"あんな もの が この 世界[せかい] に 存在[そんざい] し[,する]て いる はず が ない{。}",[37,374],{},"\n That sort of thing should not exist in this world.\n",[75,377,378,381,383],{},[195,379],{"lang":197,"syntax":380},"そんな 想[おも]い が{、}私[わたし] の 心[こころ] の 中[なか] に ひっそり と 存在[そんざい] し[,する]て い[,いる]た{。}",[37,382],{},"\n Such feelings did exist, quietly, within my heart.\n",[10,385,386,387,390],{},"But oftentimes you'll be talking about where something ",[102,388,389],{},"is",", or is located:",[72,392,393,401],{},[75,394,395,398,400],{},[195,396],{"lang":197,"syntax":397},"私[わたし] は 今[いま] 東京[とうきょう] に いる{。}",[37,399],{},"\n I am in Tokyo now.\n",[75,402,403,406,408],{},[195,404],{"lang":197,"syntax":405},"テーブル[てーぶる] の 上[うえ] に 本[ほん] が ある{。}",[37,407],{},"\n There is a book on the table.\n",[29,410,411,414,416],{},[32,412,413],{"bold":34,"underline":34},"\nNote\n",[37,415],{},[10,417,418],{},"When you're talking about the existence of something animate, like a person or animal, use いる. When you're talking about the existence of an inanimate object, like a book or flower, use ある.",[10,420,421],{},"Other times, you might use a variety of verbs which show that something has come into existence, such as to appear or emerge:",[72,423,424,432],{},[75,425,426,429,431],{},[195,427],{"lang":197,"syntax":428},"庭[にわ] に キノコ[きのこ] が 生[は,はえる]えて き[,くる]た{。}",[37,430],{},"\n Mushrooms have sprouted up in the garden.\n",[75,433,434,437,439,440,443],{},[195,435],{"lang":197,"syntax":436},"{『}言[い]う は 易[やす,やすい]く 行[おこな]う は 難[かた,かたい]し{』}という 言葉[ことば] が 頭[あたま] に 浮[う,うかぶ]かん だ{。}",[37,438],{},"\n The phrase \"easier said than done\" came to mind \n",[102,441,442],{},"(lit: emerged in my head)","\n.\n",[227,445,447,450,453],{"heading":446},"Use に (ni) with ある\u002Fいる to show possession",[10,448,449],{},"To say that one thing belongs or pertains to another thing in Japanese, you'll often see a structure similar to the one discussed above—literally saying that thing A exists in\u002Fon\u002Fat thing B. Additionally, you'll often see は (wa) paired with に (ni) in this case, yielding には (niwa). Sometimes は (wa) will even replaces に (ni) entirely.",[10,451,452],{},"A few examples:",[72,454,455,463,471],{},[75,456,457,460,462],{},[195,458],{"lang":197,"syntax":459},"車[くるま] に は タイヤ が 四つ[よっつ] ある{。}",[37,461],{},"\n A car has four tires.\n",[75,464,465,468,470],{},[195,466],{"lang":197,"syntax":467},"私[わたし] に は 夢[ゆめ] が ある{。}",[37,469],{},"\n I have a dream.\n",[75,472,473,476,478],{},[195,474],{"lang":197,"syntax":475},"彼女[かのじょ] は 息子[むすこ] が二人[ふたり] いる{。}",[37,477],{},"\n She has two sons.\n",[53,480,482],{"id":481},"_3-に-ni-to-specify-a-point-in-time-when-something-takes-place","3. に (ni) to specify a point in time when something takes place",[10,484,485],{},"Use に (ni) in order to indicate when something takes place—whether it's a time, day, or event\u002Fholiday:",[72,487,488,496,504],{},[75,489,490,493,495],{},[195,491],{"lang":197,"syntax":492},"私[わたし] は{7}時[じ]に 起[お,おきる]き{、10}時[じ]に 寝[ね]る",[37,494],{},"\n I wake up at 7 and go to bed at 10.\n",[75,497,498,501,503],{},[195,499],{"lang":197,"syntax":500},"{2024}の{12}月[がつ]{30}に この ブログ 記事[きじ] を 書[か,かく;]いた{。}",[37,502],{},"\n I wrote this blog article on December 30th, 2024.\n",[75,505,506,509,511],{},[195,507],{"lang":197,"syntax":508},"日本[にほん] で は クリスマスに{、}七面鳥[しちめんちょう] で は なく[,ない]て 鶏肉[とりにく] を 食[た,たべる]べる{。}",[37,510],{},"\n On Christmas in Japan, (they) eat chicken instead of turkey.\n",[10,513,514],{},[102,515,516],{},"(No, really, that wasn't just an example sentence. In Japan, Christmas means KFC.)",[518,519],"custom-iframe",{"src":520},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002F5QUOVvQo_nk?si=ZnZkbtwy1-3zlxM9",[227,522,524,531,534,545],{"heading":523},"... but sometimes に can be omitted",[10,525,526,527,530],{},"You'll sometimes see sentences that mention a time but ",[102,528,529],{},"don't"," use に (ni).",[10,532,533],{},"That's a bit beyond the scope of this article, so we're not going to devote too much time to it, but this generally occurs when:",[72,535,536,539,542],{},[75,537,538],{},"You're using words that talk about time in a relative sense (\"yesterday\" refers to a different date on every single day—the same is true for words like today, tomorrow, last\u002Fnext week\u002Fmonth\u002Fyear\"!)",[75,540,541],{},"You're using certain words or phrases, such as \"each morning\" or \"every day\"",[75,543,544],{},"You're talking very casually or informally, in which case many particles become somewhat optional",[10,546,547],{},"But don't worry about this too much for now! As you spend more time interacting with Japanese, you'll naturally come to learn the times when you should omit に (ni) from your sentence.",[53,549,551],{"id":550},"_4-use-に-ni-to-indicate-the-recipient-of-an-action","4. Use に (ni) to indicate the recipient of an action",[10,553,554,555,561],{},"In another article, we talked about ",[14,556,560],{"href":557,"rel":558},"https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particle-wo-direct-object",[559],"nofollow","the particle を (wo), which indicates the direct object of a sentence","—what you are doing an action to. The particle に (ni) complements を (wo) by showing who the intended recipient of that action is.",[10,563,564],{},"This enables you to take sentences like:",[72,566,567],{},[75,568,569,572,574],{},[195,570],{"lang":197,"syntax":571},"ボール を 蹴[け,ける]りました{。}",[37,573],{},"\n I kicked the ball.\n",[10,576,577],{},"And give them a direction:",[72,579,580],{},[75,581,582,585,587],{},[195,583],{"lang":197,"syntax":584},"友達[ともだち] に ボール を 蹴[け,ける]りました{。}",[37,586],{},"\n I kicked the ball to a friend.\n",[10,589,590],{},"And here's a few more examples:",[72,592,593,601,609],{},[75,594,595,598,600],{},[195,596],{"lang":197,"syntax":597},"この 後[あと]、 友達[ともだち] に 会[あ]う{。}",[37,599],{},"\n I'm going to meet a friend after this.\n",[75,602,603,606,608],{},[195,604],{"lang":197,"syntax":605},"田中[たなか] くん の 意見[いけん] に 賛成[さんせい] する{。}",[37,607],{},"\n I agree with Tanaka's opinion.\n",[75,610,611,614,616],{},[195,612],{"lang":197,"syntax":613},"選手[せんしゅ] に サイン を 頼[たの,たのむ]ん だ{。}",[37,615],{},"\n I asked for the athlete's signature.\n",[53,618,620],{"id":619},"_5-use-に-ni-to-show-the-result-of-a-change","5. Use に (ni) to show the result of a change",[10,622,623],{},"When you want to say that one thing changes into another thing, you'll use に (ni) to indicate the of that change. In other words if something changes from state A to state B, then you'll use に (ni) to mark thing B.",[72,625,626,634,642],{},[75,627,628,631,633],{},[195,629],{"lang":197,"syntax":630},"氷[こおり] が 水[みず] に なった{。}",[37,632],{},"\n The ice became water.\n",[75,635,636,639,641],{},[195,637],{"lang":197,"syntax":638},"疑惑[ぎわく] が 確信[かくしん] に 変[か,かわる]わった 瞬間[しゅんかん] だっ[,だっ]た{。}",[37,640],{},"\n It was the moment when doubt became certainty.\n",[75,643,644,647,649],{},[195,645],{"lang":197,"syntax":646},"彼[かれ] は 先生[せんせい] に なっ[,なる]た{。}",[37,648],{},"\nHe became a teacher.\n",[53,651,653],{"id":652},"_6-use-に-ni-to-indicate-the-cause-of-something","6. Use に (ni) to indicate the cause of something",[10,655,656],{},"Use use に (ni) to indicate the cause of the sentence's main verb:",[72,658,659,671,683],{},[75,660,661,664,666,667,670],{},[195,662],{"lang":197,"syntax":663},"人[ひと] の 多[おお,おおい] さ に びっくり した{。}",[37,665],{},"\n I was surprised by \n",[102,668,669],{},"(lit: due to)","\n how many people were there.\n",[75,672,673,676,678,679,682],{},[195,674],{"lang":197,"syntax":675},"小麦[こむぎ] が 風[かぜ] に 揺[ゆ,ゆれる]れて いる{。}",[37,677],{},"\nThe wheat is swaying in \n",[102,680,681],{},"(because of)","\n the wind.\n",[75,684,685,688,690,691,694],{},[195,686],{"lang":197,"syntax":687},"私[わたし] は今[いま]、お金[おかね] に 困[こま,こまる]って いる{。}",[37,689],{},"\n I'm having some financial difficulties \n",[102,692,693],{},"(lit: troubled because of money)","\n at the moment.\n",[142,696],{"src":697,"width":698,"height":699,"alt":700},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni-bernie.jpeg",1477,831,"A photo of Bernie Sanders, once again responding to the financial difficulties posed by our example sentence.",[53,702,704],{"id":703},"_7-use-に-ni-to-reference-a-standard","7. Use に (ni) to reference a standard",[10,706,707],{},"You'll use に (ni) for a variety of statements in which you want to raise something up as a standard against which another thing is compared:",[72,709,710,718],{},[75,711,712,715,717],{},[195,713],{"lang":197,"syntax":714},"あの 店[みせ] は 駅[えき]に 近[ちか]い{。}",[37,716],{},"\n That store is near the station.\n",[75,719,720,723,725],{},[195,721],{"lang":197,"syntax":722},"スペイン語[すぺいんご] は イタリア 語[ご] に 少[すこ]し 似[に,にる]て いる{。}",[37,724],{},"\n Spanish is a little like Italian.\n",[10,727,728,729,731],{},"Note that you ",[102,730,529],{}," need to use に (ni) if you're making a direct comparison between two things:",[72,733,734],{},[75,735,736,739,741],{},[195,737],{"lang":197,"syntax":738},"ブラジル は 日本[にほん] より 大[おお]きい{。}",[37,740],{},"\nBrazil is bigger than Japan.\n",[53,743,745],{"id":744},"_8-use-に-ni-to-show-the-range-within-which-a-statement-is-valid","8. Use に (ni) to show the range within which a statement is valid",[10,747,748],{},"When you're making a statement that isn't universal, you can use に (ni)—usually には (niwa)—to show what that statement applies to.",[10,750,751],{},"For example, we can take these universal statements:",[72,753,754,762],{},[75,755,756,759,761],{},[195,757],{"lang":197,"syntax":758},"書[か]く こと は 難[むずか]しい{。}",[37,760],{},"\n Writing is difficult.\n",[75,763,764,767,769],{},[195,765],{"lang":197,"syntax":766},"この 問題[もんだい] は 難[むずか,むずかしい]しくない{。}",[37,768],{},"\n This problem is not difficult.\n",[10,771,772],{},"And then limit them to something more narrow in scope:",[72,774,775,783],{},[75,776,777,780,782],{},[195,778],{"lang":197,"syntax":779},"書[か]く こと は 私には[わたしには] 難[むずか]しい{。}",[37,781],{},"\n Writing is difficult for me.\n",[75,784,785,788,790],{},[195,786],{"lang":197,"syntax":787},"この 問題[もんだい] は 私[わたし] に は 難[むずか,むずかしい]しくない{。}",[37,789],{},"\n This problem is not difficult for me.\n",[53,792,794],{"id":793},"_9-use-に-ni-when-making-ratios-or-talking-about-the-frequency-with-which-something-occurs","9. Use に (ni) when making ratios or talking about the frequency with which something occurs",[10,796,797],{},"When you make a ratio in Japanese, you use a specific structure:",[72,799,800],{},[75,801,802],{},"Bigger number → に (ni) → smaller number",[10,804,805],{},"This is, as you can see below, exactly the opposite of what we do in English.",[72,807,808,816,824],{},[75,809,810,813,815],{},[195,811],{"lang":197,"syntax":812},"{５}回[かい]に{１}回[かい] は 失敗[しっぱい] する{。}",[37,814],{},"\n One of every five attempts fails.\n",[75,817,818,821,823],{},[195,819],{"lang":197,"syntax":820},"ハレー彗星[はれーすいせい] は{７６}年[ねん] に 一度[いちど] やってくる{。}",[37,822],{},"\n Haley's comet comes once per 76 years.\n",[75,825,826,829,831],{},[195,827],{"lang":197,"syntax":828},"成人[せいじん] の 三[さん] 人[にん] に 一人[ひとり] は 運動不足[うんどうぶそく]{。}",[37,830],{},"\n One in three adults doesn't get enough exercise.\n",[53,833,835],{"id":834},"_10-use-に-ni-to-mark-the-person-who-does-the-action-of-a-passive-sentence","10. Use に (ni) to mark the person who does the action of a passive sentence",[10,837,838],{},"In English, we have two types of grammatical voices: passive and active.",[72,840,841,844],{},[75,842,843],{},"Active: My younger sister ate the cake.",[75,845,846],{},"Pasive: The cake was eaten by my younger sister.",[10,848,849],{},"As you can see, the kicker and the kicked swap places in the passive sentence: the ball goes from the end of the sentence to the beginning of the sentence.",[10,851,852],{},"Something similar happens in Japanese:",[72,854,855,869],{},[75,856,857,862,863,866,868],{},[14,858,861],{"href":859,"rel":860},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActive_voice",[559],"Active",": ",[195,864],{"lang":197,"syntax":865},"妹[いもうと] は ケーキ を 食[た,たべる]べた{。}",[37,867],{}," My younger sister ate the cake.",[75,870,871,862,876,879,881],{},[14,872,875],{"href":873,"rel":874},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPassive_voice",[559],"Passive",[195,877],{"lang":197,"syntax":878},"妹[いもうと] に ケーキ を 食[た,たべる]べられた{。}",[37,880],{}," The cake was eaten by my younger sister.",[10,883,884],{},"As you can see, to turn an active sentence passive:",[72,886,887,894],{},[75,888,889,890,893],{},"The cake-eater ",[195,891],{"lang":197,"syntax":892},"妹[いもうと]"," went from being marked with は (wa) to に (ni)",[75,895,896,899],{},[195,897],{"lang":197,"syntax":898},"食[た,たべる]べる","\n changed to a different verb form\n",[10,901,902],{},"An entire post could be devoted to Japanese passive voice constructions alone... but, for now, simply remember that the person doing the action—the person eating the cake or kicking the ball—is marked with に (ni) in passive sentences.",[53,904,906],{"id":905},"_11-use-に-ni-to-show-who-was-madeallowed-to-do-something-in-causative-sentences","11. Use に (ni) to show who was made\u002Fallowed to do something in causative sentences",[10,908,909,910,915],{},"The ",[14,911,914],{"href":912,"rel":913},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCausative",[559],"causative form of verbs"," is beyond the scope of this blog post, but to be very brief, causative sentences are sentences in which one person\u002Fthing causes another person\u002Fthing to do something. In causative sentences, use に (ni) to indicate which person is being made or allowed to do something. That's pretty straightforward.",[10,917,918,919,922,923,926,927,930],{},"What makes the Japanese causative form confusing is that they have only one form, but we have two in English: ",[102,920,921],{},"make"," and ",[102,924,925],{},"let",". This can initially be difficult to wrap your mind around as make and let feel like very different things in English... but what matters is that, whether you have made or let someone do something, you are ultimately the reason they ended up doing that thing. You ",[102,928,929],{},"caused"," that.",[10,932,933],{},"Sometimes it's obvious that one party is making the other party do something that they don't really want to do:",[72,935,936],{},[75,937,938,941,943],{},[195,939],{"lang":197,"syntax":940},"先生[せんせい] は 学生[がくせい] に 宿題[しゅくだい] を たくさん さ[,する]せた{。}",[37,942],{},"\n The teacher made the students do a lot of homework.\n",[10,945,946],{},"But sometimes you'll need to lean on context to decide whether someone is being allowed to do something they want to do or forced to do something they don't want to do:",[72,948,949],{},[75,950,951,954,956],{},[195,952],{"lang":197,"syntax":953},"先生[せんせい] は 学生[がくせい] に 本[ほん] を 読[よ,よむ]ませた{。}",[37,955],{},"\n The teacher made\u002Flet the student read a book.\n",[10,958,959],{},"Here, it could really go both ways:",[72,961,962,969],{},[75,963,964,965,968],{},"Maybe it's quiet time at the end of a class, and the teacher is ",[102,966,967],{},"letting"," the student read a book for fun\u002Fto relax",[75,970,971,972,975],{},"Maybe the teacher is ",[102,973,974],{},"making"," the student read the book as part of an assignment",[10,977,978],{},"Without additional context, it's impossible to say for sure which interpretation is correct.",[10,980,981],{},"What's certain, though, is that the person being made\u002Fallowed to do something will be marked with the particle に (ni).",[53,983,985,986,989],{"id":984},"do-i-really-need-to-learn-eleven-usages-of-に-ni","Do I really need to learn ",[102,987,988],{},"eleven"," usages of に (ni)?",[10,991,992],{},"Yes and no.",[10,994,995],{},"If you look at the example sentences I've picked, you'll notice something: the \"different\" usages of に (ni) all occur with quite different types of words and in quite different types of sentences. For example:",[72,997,998,1001,1004],{},[75,999,1000],{},"When に (ni) refers to existence, it always appears with a verb that involve existence, such as ある or いる",[75,1002,1003],{},"When に (ni) refers to a change in state, it always occurs with a verb that somehow involves changing or becoming, such as なる",[75,1005,1006],{},"When に (ni) refers to the time at which something occurs, it always occurs with an word that is related to time",[10,1008,1009],{},"There were even a couple \"usages\" of に (ni) that I decided to skip, such as \"to indicate the contents of a container\", because they were super specific and literally only occurred with one or two specific verbs.",[10,1011,1012,1013,1016],{},"So, ",[102,1014,1015],{},"no","—I don't think it's worth memorizing these usages one by one.",[10,1018,1019],{},"As you spend more time interacting with Japanese, and you see a wider variety of sentences that use に (ni) in a wider variety of ways, you'll gradually come to feel it—both how に (ni) works, and also the kinds of structures that it occurs in.",[53,1021,1023],{"id":1022},"but-what-if-i-really-want-to-learn-japanese-grammar","... But what if I really want to learn Japanese grammar?",[10,1025,1026],{},"Learning a language is actually a pretty straightforward process:",[1028,1029,1030,1033,1036],"ol",{},[75,1031,1032],{},"Consume content (ideally content that you enjoy)",[75,1034,1035],{},"Make sense of the messages within that content",[75,1037,1038],{},"Repeat",[10,1040,1041,1042,1045],{},"As you repeat that process, you'll gradually build the unique skill set that ",[102,1043,1044],{},"you"," need to do the things that you enjoy or find important.",[10,1047,1048],{},"The shocking failure of traditional approaches to teaching languages is that most learners never reach a point where they can kick off that effective learning loop.",[10,1050,1051],{},"So we built our own course.",[10,1053,1054],{},"You'll go back and forth between (a) concise, practical grammar lessons and (b) flashcards with sentences that reinforce those grammar points and introduce new vocabulary words. Below you can see how we cover the first usage of に (ni), for example",[142,1056],{"src":1057,"width":1058,"height":1059,"alt":1060},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni-plug.jpeg",1472,1032,"A few screenshots from Migaku's Japanese Academy demonstrating how the particle に (ni) is used",[10,1062,1063,1064,1067],{},"But this isn't ",[102,1065,1066],{},"just"," a slick looking course with a nice layout:",[72,1069,1070,1073],{},[75,1071,1072],{},"Each flashcard has been painstakingly curated such that each \"next\" card only contains a single vocab word or grammar point you don't know",[75,1074,1075],{},"The course is pretty lean, covering the specific ~300 grammar points and ~1,500 vocabulary words you need to make sense of ~80% of any Japanese media you happen to pick up",[10,1077,1078],{},"So you'll learn the key usages of に (ni) via a formal lesson, then reinforce it by seeing に (ni) used in practical sentences—then graduate from our course and begin seeing に (ni) used in real Japanese shows that you enjoy.",[1080,1081],"prose-button",{"href":16,"text":1082},"Learn Japanese with Migaku",[10,1084,1085],{},"And if you're just starting out on your Japanese journey and aren't ready to think about grammar yet—we've got that covered, too.",[142,1087],{"src":1088,"width":1089,"height":1090,"alt":1091},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni-fundamentals.jpeg",1484,1030,"A few screenshots from Migaku's Japanese Fundamentals course, showing how we introduce teach hirgana",[26,1093],{},[53,1095,1097],{"id":1096},"japanese-particle-に-ni-down-several-more-to-go","Japanese particle に (ni) down, several more to go...",[10,1099,1100],{},"This page covers pretty much everything you might ever want to know about the particle に (ni), but if I were to pick the most important three to focus on:",[1028,1102,1103,1106,1109],{},[75,1104,1105],{},"Use に (ni) to indicate a destination",[75,1107,1108],{},"Use に (ni) to specify the recipient of an action",[75,1110,1111],{},"Using に (ni) to indicate existence or presence",[10,1113,1114],{},"Now go do something cool in Japanese 💪",{"title":34,"searchDepth":1116,"depth":1116,"links":1117},2,[1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1133,1134],{"id":55,"depth":1116,"text":56},{"id":125,"depth":1116,"text":126},{"id":185,"depth":1116,"text":186},{"id":354,"depth":1116,"text":355},{"id":481,"depth":1116,"text":482},{"id":550,"depth":1116,"text":551},{"id":619,"depth":1116,"text":620},{"id":652,"depth":1116,"text":653},{"id":703,"depth":1116,"text":704},{"id":744,"depth":1116,"text":745},{"id":793,"depth":1116,"text":794},{"id":834,"depth":1116,"text":835},{"id":905,"depth":1116,"text":906},{"id":984,"depth":1116,"text":1132},"Do I really need to learn eleven usages of に (ni)?",{"id":1022,"depth":1116,"text":1023},{"id":1096,"depth":1116,"text":1097},"Discover the essential uses of the Japanese particle に (ni), from marking destinations to indicating time and location. This beginner-friendly guide includes examples, grammar tips, and practical strategies to master に.","md",{"timestampUnix":1138,"slug":1139,"h1":1140,"image":1141,"tags":1146},1735548793603,"japanese-particle-ni","Understanding the Japanese Particle に (ni): A Complete Guide for Beginners",{"src":1142,"width":1143,"height":1144,"alt":1145},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni.jpeg",6000,4000,"A doctor using a medical instrument to tap a patient's knee (に). Trust me, it's funny.",[1147,1148],"grammar","fundamentals",true,"\u002Farticle\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particle-ni","---\ntitle: 'Mastering the Use of the Particle に in Japanese'\ndescription: 'Discover the essential uses of the Japanese particle に (ni), from marking destinations to indicating time and location. This beginner-friendly guide includes examples, grammar tips, and practical strategies to master に.'\ntimestampUnix: 1735548793603\nslug: 'japanese-particle-ni'\nh1: 'Understanding the Japanese Particle に (ni): A Complete Guide for Beginners'\nimage:\n  src: '\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni.jpeg'\n  width: 6000\n  height: 4000\n  alt: \"A doctor using a medical instrument to tap a patient's knee (に). Trust me, it's funny.\"\ntags:\n  - grammar\n  - fundamentals\n---\n\nMastering the Japanese particle に (ni) is an important step on your journey to [learn Japanese](\u002Flearn-japanese): it's used to mark destinations, points in time, and all sorts of stuff. Important stuff. So much stuff, frankly, that we felt it was worthwhile to dedicate an entire article to nothing but に (ni) and its various usages.\n\nThis article will cover (pretty much) all the usages of に (ni) alongside practical example sentences. We'l cover:\n\n\u003Ctoc>\u003C\u002Ftoc>\n\n---\n\n> \u003CCenteredText bold underline>Forewarning\u003C\u002FCenteredText>\u003Cbr>\n>\n> This article assumes that you can already read hiragana. If not, we applaud your go-getter spirit. Before you read this article, you may want to take a detour to first check out [what hiragana is used for](\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fthe-japanese-alphabets), then read this article while referencing [our hiragana cheat sheet](\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fthe-japanese-language-hiragana).\n\n## The basics of grammatical particles, in general\n\nBefore we can start talking about the grammatical particle に (ni), we should take a moment to make sure you're clear on what a grammatical particle is.\n\nThe best way I've found to explain this is to say that a grammatical particle is kind of like a \u003Cu>post\u003C\u002Fu>position.\n\nYou know what \u003C\u002Fu>pre\u003C\u002Fu>positions are—they're little words that go in front of things:\n\n- \u003Cu>in\u003C\u002Fu> the park\n- \u003Cu>on\u003C\u002Fu> Tuesday\n- \u003Cu>beside\u003C\u002Fu> the nine-foot tall baboon\n\nAnd Japanese particles (\"postpositions\") are a lot like that, except for the fact that:\n\n- They come _after_ the word or phrase they pertain to\n- There are a bunch of particles that do a bunch of different things, not just show where something is located\n\nSo, for example:\n\n- If you're eating a pizza, you tack を onto the word \"pizza\" to show that it's what you're eating\n- If you're watching a movie in a cafe, you tack で onto the word \"cafe\" to show that it's the location where you're watching the movie\n\nThere are a lot of particles and they do a bunch of different things, but they all have the same goal: specify the grammatical function that a word (or phrase) is playing in a specific sentence.\n\n## The basics of に (ni), specifically\n\nI'm not going to lie: it's a bit difficult to concisely explain the purpose of に (ni) because it does a ton of different things.\n\nLike eleven things, to be exact.\n\n_Eleven_.\n\n(Perhaps even a few more.)\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-japanese-ni-omg.gif\" width=\"960\" height=\"674\" alt=\"A man staring in absolute shock at the fact that the Japanese particle に (ni) has so many use cases\" \u002F>\n\nBut what all those usages have in common is that they show some sort of direction:\n\n- It may be a literal direction, as in saying you're going _to_ a certain place\n- It may be a social direction, as in saying that you received something _from_ someone\n- It may be a philosophical direction, as in saying something has changed from state A to state B\n- It may be a rhetorical direction, as in pointing out the cause of something\n- ... and then it does a couple of seemingly unrelated things, too\n\n> We're going to do our best to be exhaustive in this article, but if you're new to Japanese and this is the first time you're learning about the particle に (ni), it's enough to know that it has something to do with direction. The first few usages listed are super common, while the later ones are a bit rarer.\n\n---\n\n## 1. Use に (ni) to mark destinations\n\nThe most basic usage of に (ni) is to indicate a destination—to say that you're going somewhere:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"買い物[かいもの] を 済[す,すませる]ませて{、}家[いえ]に 帰[かえ,かえる]った{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> (I) finished shopping and then went (returned) home.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"弟[おとうと] は 学校[がっこう] に 行[い,いく]った{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> My younger brother went to school.\n\nIf you're the one moving something, you can also use に (ni) to show where you're moving it to:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"ゴミ箱[ごみばこ] に ゴミ[ごみ] を 捨[す,すてる]てた{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> (I) threw the garbage in the trash can.\n\nThen, if you really want to split hairs:\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"Comparing に (ni) vs へ (he)\">\n\nWe talk about this in more detail in [our deep dive into Japanese particles](\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particles-guide#common-sources-of-confusion).\n\nWhile に (ni) and へ (he) are interchangeable when talking about motion (and only about motion—not any of the other usages we're about to discuss), there is an important difference in nuance:\n\n- に (ni) shows a _destination_\n- へ (he) shows a _direction_\n\nSo if we compare:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] に 行[い]く\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>。\u003Cbr> I'm going _to_ Tokyo.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] へ 行[い]く\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>。\u003Cbr> I'm going _toward_ Tokyo.\n\nThey're often interchangeable because arriving to Tokyo necessarily means that you were also headed in the direction of Tokyo, but not always interchangeable because heading toward Tokyo doesn't mean that you'll arrive to Tokyo.\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"Comparing に (ni) vs で (de)\">\n\nWe talk about this in more detail in [our deep dive into Japanese particles](\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particles-guide#common-sources-of-confusion).\n\nWhile both に (ni) and で (de) are related to locations, they are never interchangeable and have a very important difference in nuance:\n\n- に (ni) shows a destination—the place you're going to\n- で (de) shows a location—the place where you're doing something\n\nSo if we take the example sentence from above:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] に 行[い]く\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>。\u003Cbr> I'm going _to_ Tokyo.\n\nAnd then try to swap the に (ni) out with で (de), we can't do that unless we also change the verb:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は 東京[とうきょう] で{（}何[なに] か を する{）}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>。\u003Cbr> I'm (doing something) in Tokyo.\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"Use に (ni) to show the purpose of movement\">\n\nYou can take the root form of a verb, attach に (ni) to it, and then attach a verb of motion to に　(ni) to say that you are going\u002Fcoming\u002Fetc. to do something:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"おにぎり を 買[か,かう]い に 行[ゆ,ゆく]きます{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I'm going (out) to buy a rice ball.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"流れ星[ながれぼし] を 見[み,みる]に 行[い]こう{！}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Let's go to see the shooting star!\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n## 2. Use に (ni) to show existence or presence\n\nIf you're talking about a location, you're usually going to mark that location with で (de) because the particle で (de) is used to show where an action takes place. However, if you're talking about the existence or presence of something, you'll use に (ni).\n\nSometimes, you'll be _literally_ talking about existence:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"あんな もの が この 世界[せかい] に 存在[そんざい] し[,する]て いる はず が ない{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> That sort of thing should not exist in this world.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"そんな 想[おも]い が{、}私[わたし] の 心[こころ] の 中[なか] に ひっそり と 存在[そんざい] し[,する]て い[,いる]た{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Such feelings did exist, quietly, within my heart.\n\nBut oftentimes you'll be talking about where something _is_, or is located:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は 今[いま] 東京[とうきょう] に いる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I am in Tokyo now.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"テーブル[てーぶる] の 上[うえ] に 本[ほん] が ある{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> There is a book on the table.\n\n> \u003CCenteredText bold underline>Note\u003C\u002FCenteredText>\u003Cbr>\n>\n> When you're talking about the existence of something animate, like a person or animal, use いる. When you're talking about the existence of an inanimate object, like a book or flower, use ある.\n\nOther times, you might use a variety of verbs which show that something has come into existence, such as to appear or emerge:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"庭[にわ] に キノコ[きのこ] が 生[は,はえる]えて き[,くる]た{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Mushrooms have sprouted up in the garden.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"{『}言[い]う は 易[やす,やすい]く 行[おこな]う は 難[かた,かたい]し{』}という 言葉[ことば] が 頭[あたま] に 浮[う,うかぶ]かん だ{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> The phrase \"easier said than done\" came to mind _(lit: emerged in my head)_.\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"Use に (ni) with ある\u002Fいる to show possession\">\n\nTo say that one thing belongs or pertains to another thing in Japanese, you'll often see a structure similar to the one discussed above—literally saying that thing A exists in\u002Fon\u002Fat thing B. Additionally, you'll often see は (wa) paired with に (ni) in this case, yielding には (niwa). Sometimes は (wa) will even replaces に (ni) entirely.\n\nA few examples:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"車[くるま] に は タイヤ が 四つ[よっつ] ある{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> A car has four tires.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] に は 夢[ゆめ] が ある{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I have a dream.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"彼女[かのじょ] は 息子[むすこ] が二人[ふたり] いる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> She has two sons.\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n## 3. に (ni) to specify a point in time when something takes place\n\nUse に (ni) in order to indicate when something takes place—whether it's a time, day, or event\u002Fholiday:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は{7}時[じ]に 起[お,おきる]き{、10}時[じ]に 寝[ね]る\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I wake up at 7 and go to bed at 10.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"{2024}の{12}月[がつ]{30}に この ブログ 記事[きじ] を 書[か,かく;]いた{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I wrote this blog article on December 30th, 2024.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"日本[にほん] で は クリスマスに{、}七面鳥[しちめんちょう] で は なく[,ない]て 鶏肉[とりにく] を 食[た,たべる]べる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> On Christmas in Japan, (they) eat chicken instead of turkey.\n\n_(No, really, that wasn't just an example sentence. In Japan, Christmas means KFC.)_\n\n\u003Ccustom-iframe src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002F5QUOVvQo_nk?si=ZnZkbtwy1-3zlxM9\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-iframe>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"... but sometimes に can be omitted\">\n\nYou'll sometimes see sentences that mention a time but _don't_ use に (ni).\n\nThat's a bit beyond the scope of this article, so we're not going to devote too much time to it, but this generally occurs when:\n\n- You're using words that talk about time in a relative sense (\"yesterday\" refers to a different date on every single day—the same is true for words like today, tomorrow, last\u002Fnext week\u002Fmonth\u002Fyear\"!)\n- You're using certain words or phrases, such as \"each morning\" or \"every day\"\n- You're talking very casually or informally, in which case many particles become somewhat optional\n\nBut don't worry about this too much for now! As you spend more time interacting with Japanese, you'll naturally come to learn the times when you should omit に (ni) from your sentence.\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n## 4. Use に (ni) to indicate the recipient of an action\n\nIn another article, we talked about [the particle を (wo), which indicates the direct object of a sentence](https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particle-wo-direct-object)—what you are doing an action to. The particle に (ni) complements を (wo) by showing who the intended recipient of that action is.\n\nThis enables you to take sentences like:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"ボール を 蹴[け,ける]りました{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I kicked the ball.\n\nAnd give them a direction:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"友達[ともだち] に ボール を 蹴[け,ける]りました{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I kicked the ball to a friend.\n\nAnd here's a few more examples:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"この 後[あと]、 友達[ともだち] に 会[あ]う{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I'm going to meet a friend after this.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"田中[たなか] くん の 意見[いけん] に 賛成[さんせい] する{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I agree with Tanaka's opinion.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"選手[せんしゅ] に サイン を 頼[たの,たのむ]ん だ{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I asked for the athlete's signature.\n\n## 5. Use に (ni) to show the result of a change\n\nWhen you want to say that one thing changes into another thing, you'll use に (ni) to indicate the of that change. In other words if something changes from state A to state B, then you'll use に (ni) to mark thing B.\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"氷[こおり] が 水[みず] に なった{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> The ice became water.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"疑惑[ぎわく] が 確信[かくしん] に 変[か,かわる]わった 瞬間[しゅんかん] だっ[,だっ]た{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> It was the moment when doubt became certainty.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"彼[かれ] は 先生[せんせい] に なっ[,なる]た{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr>He became a teacher.\n\n## 6. Use に (ni) to indicate the cause of something\n\nUse use に (ni) to indicate the cause of the sentence's main verb:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"人[ひと] の 多[おお,おおい] さ に びっくり した{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I was surprised by _(lit: due to)_ how many people were there.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"小麦[こむぎ] が 風[かぜ] に 揺[ゆ,ゆれる]れて いる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr>The wheat is swaying in _(because of)_ the wind.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"私[わたし] は今[いま]、お金[おかね] に 困[こま,こまる]って いる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> I'm having some financial difficulties _(lit: troubled because of money)_ at the moment.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni-bernie.jpeg\" width=\"1477\" height=\"831\" alt=\"A photo of Bernie Sanders, once again responding to the financial difficulties posed by our example sentence.\"\u002F>\n\n## 7. Use に (ni) to reference a standard\n\nYou'll use に (ni) for a variety of statements in which you want to raise something up as a standard against which another thing is compared:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"あの 店[みせ] は 駅[えき]に 近[ちか]い{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> That store is near the station.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"スペイン語[すぺいんご] は イタリア 語[ご] に 少[すこ]し 似[に,にる]て いる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Spanish is a little like Italian.\n\nNote that you _don't_ need to use に (ni) if you're making a direct comparison between two things:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"ブラジル は 日本[にほん] より 大[おお]きい{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr>Brazil is bigger than Japan.\n\n## 8. Use に (ni) to show the range within which a statement is valid\n\nWhen you're making a statement that isn't universal, you can use に (ni)—usually には (niwa)—to show what that statement applies to.\n\nFor example, we can take these universal statements:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"書[か]く こと は 難[むずか]しい{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Writing is difficult.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"この 問題[もんだい] は 難[むずか,むずかしい]しくない{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> This problem is not difficult.\n\nAnd then limit them to something more narrow in scope:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"書[か]く こと は 私には[わたしには] 難[むずか]しい{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Writing is difficult for me.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"この 問題[もんだい] は 私[わたし] に は 難[むずか,むずかしい]しくない{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> This problem is not difficult for me.\n\n## 9. Use に (ni) when making ratios or talking about the frequency with which something occurs\n\nWhen you make a ratio in Japanese, you use a specific structure:\n\n- Bigger number → に (ni) → smaller number\n\nThis is, as you can see below, exactly the opposite of what we do in English.\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"{５}回[かい]に{１}回[かい] は 失敗[しっぱい] する{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> One of every five attempts fails.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"ハレー彗星[はれーすいせい] は{７６}年[ねん] に 一度[いちど] やってくる{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> Haley's comet comes once per 76 years.\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"成人[せいじん] の 三[さん] 人[にん] に 一人[ひとり] は 運動不足[うんどうぶそく]{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> One in three adults doesn't get enough exercise.\n\n## 10. Use に (ni) to mark the person who does the action of a passive sentence\n\nIn English, we have two types of grammatical voices: passive and active.\n\n- Active: My younger sister ate the cake.\n- Pasive: The cake was eaten by my younger sister.\n\nAs you can see, the kicker and the kicked swap places in the passive sentence: the ball goes from the end of the sentence to the beginning of the sentence.\n\nSomething similar happens in Japanese:\n\n- [Active](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FActive_voice): \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"妹[いもうと] は ケーキ を 食[た,たべる]べた{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> My younger sister ate the cake.\n- [Passive](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPassive_voice): \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"妹[いもうと] に ケーキ を 食[た,たべる]べられた{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> The cake was eaten by my younger sister.\n\nAs you can see, to turn an active sentence passive:\n\n- The cake-eater \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"妹[いもうと]\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> went from being marked with は (wa) to に (ni)\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"食[た,たべる]べる\">\u003C\u002Ftypo> changed to a different verb form\n\nAn entire post could be devoted to Japanese passive voice constructions alone... but, for now, simply remember that the person doing the action—the person eating the cake or kicking the ball—is marked with に (ni) in passive sentences.\n\n## 11. Use に (ni) to show who was made\u002Fallowed to do something in causative sentences\n\nThe [causative form of verbs](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCausative) is beyond the scope of this blog post, but to be very brief, causative sentences are sentences in which one person\u002Fthing causes another person\u002Fthing to do something. In causative sentences, use に (ni) to indicate which person is being made or allowed to do something. That's pretty straightforward.\n\nWhat makes the Japanese causative form confusing is that they have only one form, but we have two in English: _make_ and _let_. This can initially be difficult to wrap your mind around as make and let feel like very different things in English... but what matters is that, whether you have made or let someone do something, you are ultimately the reason they ended up doing that thing. You _caused_ that.\n\nSometimes it's obvious that one party is making the other party do something that they don't really want to do:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"先生[せんせい] は 学生[がくせい] に 宿題[しゅくだい] を たくさん さ[,する]せた{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> The teacher made the students do a lot of homework.\n\nBut sometimes you'll need to lean on context to decide whether someone is being allowed to do something they want to do or forced to do something they don't want to do:\n\n- \u003Ctypo lang=\"ja\" syntax=\"先生[せんせい] は 学生[がくせい] に 本[ほん] を 読[よ,よむ]ませた{。}\">\u003C\u002Ftypo>\u003Cbr> The teacher made\u002Flet the student read a book.\n\nHere, it could really go both ways:\n\n- Maybe it's quiet time at the end of a class, and the teacher is _letting_ the student read a book for fun\u002Fto relax\n- Maybe the teacher is _making_ the student read the book as part of an assignment\n\nWithout additional context, it's impossible to say for sure which interpretation is correct.\n\nWhat's certain, though, is that the person being made\u002Fallowed to do something will be marked with the particle に (ni).\n\n## Do I really need to learn _eleven_ usages of に (ni)?\n\nYes and no.\n\nIf you look at the example sentences I've picked, you'll notice something: the \"different\" usages of に (ni) all occur with quite different types of words and in quite different types of sentences. For example:\n\n- When に (ni) refers to existence, it always appears with a verb that involve existence, such as ある or いる\n- When に (ni) refers to a change in state, it always occurs with a verb that somehow involves changing or becoming, such as なる\n- When に (ni) refers to the time at which something occurs, it always occurs with an word that is related to time\n\nThere were even a couple \"usages\" of に (ni) that I decided to skip, such as \"to indicate the contents of a container\", because they were super specific and literally only occurred with one or two specific verbs.\n\nSo, _no_—I don't think it's worth memorizing these usages one by one.\n\nAs you spend more time interacting with Japanese, and you see a wider variety of sentences that use に (ni) in a wider variety of ways, you'll gradually come to feel it—both how に (ni) works, and also the kinds of structures that it occurs in.\n\n## ... But what if I really want to learn Japanese grammar?\n\nLearning a language is actually a pretty straightforward process:\n\n1. Consume content (ideally content that you enjoy)\n2. Make sense of the messages within that content\n3. Repeat\n\nAs you repeat that process, you'll gradually build the unique skill set that _you_ need to do the things that you enjoy or find important.\n\nThe shocking failure of traditional approaches to teaching languages is that most learners never reach a point where they can kick off that effective learning loop.\n\nSo we built our own course.\n\nYou'll go back and forth between (a) concise, practical grammar lessons and (b) flashcards with sentences that reinforce those grammar points and introduce new vocabulary words. Below you can see how we cover the first usage of に (ni), for example\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni-plug.jpeg\" width=\"1472\" height=\"1032\" alt=\"A few screenshots from Migaku's Japanese Academy demonstrating how the particle に (ni) is used\" \u002F>\n\nBut this isn't _just_ a slick looking course with a nice layout:\n\n- Each flashcard has been painstakingly curated such that each \"next\" card only contains a single vocab word or grammar point you don't know\n- The course is pretty lean, covering the specific ~300 grammar points and ~1,500 vocabulary words you need to make sense of ~80% of any Japanese media you happen to pick up\n\nSo you'll learn the key usages of に (ni) via a formal lesson, then reinforce it by seeing に (ni) used in practical sentences—then graduate from our course and begin seeing に (ni) used in real Japanese shows that you enjoy.\n\n\u003Cprose-button href=\"\u002Flearn-japanese\" text=\"Learn Japanese with Migaku\">\u003C\u002Fprose-button>\n\nAnd if you're just starting out on your Japanese journey and aren't ready to think about grammar yet—we've got that covered, too.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-particle-ni-fundamentals.jpeg\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1030\" alt=\"A few screenshots from Migaku's Japanese Fundamentals course, showing how we introduce teach hirgana\" \u002F>\n\n---\n\n## Japanese particle に (ni) down, several more to go...\n\nThis page covers pretty much everything you might ever want to know about the particle に (ni), but if I were to pick the most important three to focus on:\n\n1. Use に (ni) to indicate a destination\n2. Use に (ni) to specify the recipient of an action\n3. Using に (ni) to indicate existence or presence\n\nNow go do something cool in Japanese 💪\n",{"title":5,"description":1135},"article\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-particle-ni","BRnRu2GdlQTQaYzmeqr2_DKFNZpDYS96O7PxHXk48FM","December 30, 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Weather Phrases for Daily Conversation","Learn common Japanese weather phrases for everyday conversations. Master essential vocabulary like sunny, rainy, and temperature descriptions with examples.",{"alt":1944,"src":1945,"width":1946,"height":1947,"previewOnly":1948},"Common Japanese weather phrases for daily conversation - Banner","https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku-cms-assets.migaku.com\u002F890940_ea2b811b0b\u002F890940_ea2b811b0b.jpg",1000,800,false,[1950,1951],"vocabulary","phrases","1775617200000",{"id":1954,"documentId":1955,"slug":1956,"category":1940,"lang":1158,"title":1957,"description":1958,"image":1959,"tags":1964,"timestampUnix":1966,"featured":1948},5791,"mghyyz4xqti9ey9umxvv14n4","japanese-weather-forecast-vocabulary","Japanese Weather Forecast Vocabulary Guide for Learners","Learn essential Japanese weather forecast vocabulary, from basic conditions to typhoon warnings. Understand forecasts, apps, and daily weather conversations in Japan.",{"alt":1960,"src":1961,"width":1962,"height":1963,"previewOnly":1948},"Understanding Japanese weather forecasts and reports - Banner","https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku-cms-assets.migaku.com\u002Fjapanese_words_for_sun_1024x683_9f15277e13\u002Fjapanese_words_for_sun_1024x683_9f15277e13.jpg",1024,683,[1950,1965,1951],"culture","1775523600000",{"id":1968,"documentId":1969,"slug":1970,"category":1940,"lang":1158,"title":1971,"description":1972,"image":1973,"tags":1977,"timestampUnix":1978,"featured":1948},5707,"teuv5pirp5rt5zcdvmfh28sy","japanese-hospital-vocabulary","Japanese Hospital Vocabulary: Medical Terms You Need to Know","Learn essential japanese hospital vocabulary for doctor visits, symptoms, medicine, and emergencies. Practical phrases to navigate Japan's healthcare system.",{"alt":1974,"src":1975,"width":1946,"height":1976,"previewOnly":1948},"Japanese medical and hospital vocabulary - Banner","https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku-cms-assets.migaku.com\u002F496890_6ececf90f3\u002F496890_6ececf90f3.jpg",979,[1950,1951],"1775430000000"]