[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-article-local-legal-japanese":3,"$fHZsWYl_LcdVZ5GxKwtR-ZqvCZbbUdo2_Fi6R_GQKiQM":4,"blog-article-cms-legal-japanese":6,"article-hreflang-legal-japanese":1409,"blog-article-related-legal-japanese":1410},null,{"approximate_member_count":5},20847,{"id":7,"documentId":8,"title":9,"description":10,"timestampUnix":11,"slug":12,"h1":13,"image":14,"tags":20,"lang":3,"body":26,"createdAt":1403,"updatedAt":1404,"publishedAt":1405,"category":1406,"featured":1407,"timestamp":1408,"locale":-1,"_dir":1406},2070,"b4pftkzparasjocpc4zcrh6c","Legal Japanese: Essential Terminology and Vocabulary Guide","Let's tackle the legal Japanese terms! - from contracts (keiyaku) to court systems. Covers criminal, civil, and commercial law vocabulary.","1769367600000","legal-japanese","Legal Japanese: Essential Japanese Legal Terms With Translations",{"alt":15,"src":16,"width":17,"height":18,"previewOnly":19},"Legal terminology basics - Banner","https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku-cms-assets.migaku.com\u002FScreenshot_2026_01_26_102511_47a497d8f5\u002FScreenshot_2026_01_26_102511_47a497d8f5.png",1000,445,false,[21,22,23,24,25],"fundamentals","vocabulary","culture","discussion","deepdive",{"data":27,"body":30,"toc":1388},{"title":28,"description":29},"","If you've ever tried reading a Japanese contract, court document, or legal notice, you know the language gets seriously dense. Legal Japanese (houteki na nihongo\u002F) uses specialized vocabulary that even native speakers find challenging. This guide covers the fundamental legal terms, court structures, and key phrases you'll encounter when dealing with Japanese legal matters.",{"type":31,"children":32},"root",[33,60,64,68,75,106,117,158,161,167,193,198,223,226,232,237,382,385,391,396,474,477,483,512,654,657,663,701,772,775,781,829,926,929,935,964,1049,1052,1058,1075,1174,1177,1183,1188,1264,1267,1273,1325,1339,1346,1352,1355,1361,1366,1383],{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":36,"children":37},"element","p",{},[38,41,50,52,58],{"type":39,"value":40},"text","If you've ever tried reading a Japanese contract, court document, or legal notice, you know ",{"type":34,"tag":42,"props":43,"children":47},"a",{"href":44,"rel":45},"https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Flearn-japanese",[46],"nofollow",[48],{"type":39,"value":49},"the language",{"type":39,"value":51}," gets seriously dense. Legal Japanese (houteki na nihongo\u002F",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":54,"children":57},"typo",{"lang":55,"syntax":56},"ja","法的[ほうてき;h] な 日本語[にほんご;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":59},") uses specialized vocabulary that even native speakers find challenging. This guide covers the fundamental legal terms, court structures, and key phrases you'll encounter when dealing with Japanese legal matters.",{"type":34,"tag":61,"props":62,"children":63},"toc",{},[],{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":66,"children":67},"hr",{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":70,"children":72},"h2",{"id":71},"understanding-houteki-what-legal-means-in-japanese",[73],{"type":39,"value":74},"Understanding houteki: What \"legal\" means in Japanese",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":76,"children":77},{},[78,80,86,88,92,94,99,100,104],{"type":39,"value":79},"The most common way to say \"legal\" in Japanese is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":82,"children":83},"strong",{},[84],{"type":39,"value":85},"houteki",{"type":39,"value":87}," (",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":89,"children":91},{"lang":55,"syntax":90},"法的[ほうてき;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":93},"), which literally means \"relating to law.\" You'll see this term everywhere in legal contexts. Another word you'll encounter is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":95,"children":96},{},[97],{"type":39,"value":98},"gouhou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":101,"children":103},{"lang":55,"syntax":102},"合法[ごうほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":105},"), which specifically means \"lawful\" or \"legitimate.\"",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":107,"children":108},{},[109,111,115],{"type":39,"value":110},"Here's the thing: Japanese legal language borrows heavily from Chinese characters (kanji) that carry specific meanings. The character ",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":112,"children":114},{"lang":55,"syntax":113},"法[ほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":116}," (hou) means \"law\" or \"method,\" and it appears in tons of legal vocabulary. When you see this character, you're probably dealing with something law-related.",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":118,"children":119},{},[120,122,127,128,132,134,139,140,144,146,151,152,156],{"type":39,"value":121},"The word for \"law\" itself is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":123,"children":124},{},[125],{"type":39,"value":126},"houritsu",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":129,"children":131},{"lang":55,"syntax":130},"法律[ほうりつ;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":133},"). Japanese law is called ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":135,"children":136},{},[137],{"type":39,"value":138},"nihon no houritsu",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":141,"children":143},{"lang":55,"syntax":142},"日本[にっぽん;n3] の 法律[ほうりつ;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":145},") or simply ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":147,"children":148},{},[149],{"type":39,"value":150},"nihonhou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":153,"children":155},{"lang":55,"syntax":154},"日本[にっぽん;n3] 法[ほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":157},"). The Japanese legal system underwent massive reforms after World War II, blending its original civil law tradition (Inherited from German and French systems) with some common law elements from American influence.",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":159,"children":160},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":162,"children":164},{"id":163},"how-legal-japanese-differs-from-everyday-language",[165],{"type":39,"value":166},"How legal Japanese differs from everyday language",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":168,"children":169},{},[170,172,177,179,184,186,191],{"type":39,"value":171},"Legal Japanese uses formal grammar structures and specific verb forms. You'll encounter the formal copula ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":173,"children":174},{},[175],{"type":39,"value":176},"de aru",{"type":39,"value":178}," (である) instead of casual ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":180,"children":181},{},[182],{"type":39,"value":183},"da",{"type":39,"value":185}," (だ). Legal documents use ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":187,"children":188},{},[189],{"type":39,"value":190},"koto",{"type":39,"value":192}," (こと) constructions extensively to nominalize verbs.",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":194,"children":195},{},[196],{"type":39,"value":197},"The writing style tends toward precision over readability. Sentences run long with multiple clauses. Where everyday Japanese might use hiragana, legal texts use kanji to eliminate ambiguity.",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":199,"children":200},{},[201,208,210,215,217,221],{"type":34,"tag":42,"props":202,"children":205},{"href":203,"rel":204},"https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-addressing-people",[46],[206],{"type":39,"value":207},"Honorific",{"type":39,"value":209}," language (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":211,"children":212},{},[213],{"type":39,"value":214},"keigo",{"type":39,"value":216},"\u002F",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":218,"children":220},{"lang":55,"syntax":219},"敬語[けいご;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":222},") appears in court proceedings and formal legal communications, though legal documents themselves use neutral formal language.",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":224,"children":225},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":227,"children":229},{"id":228},"core-legal-vocabulary-you-need-to-know",[230],{"type":39,"value":231},"Core legal vocabulary you need to know",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":233,"children":234},{},[235],{"type":39,"value":236},"Let's start with the basics. These terms form the foundation of legal Japanese:",{"type":34,"tag":238,"props":239,"children":240},"ul",{},[241,269,296,317,355],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":243,"children":244},"li",{},[245,250,251,255,257,262,263,267],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":246,"children":247},{},[248],{"type":39,"value":249},"Keiyaku",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":252,"children":254},{"lang":55,"syntax":253},"契約[けいやく;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":256},") means \"contract.\" You'll use this constantly in business settings. A written contract is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":258,"children":259},{},[260],{"type":39,"value":261},"keiyakusho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":264,"children":266},{"lang":55,"syntax":265},"契約書[けいやくしょ;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":268},"), where the 書 (sho) character indicates a document or written form.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":270,"children":271},{},[272,277,278,282,284,289,290,294],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":273,"children":274},{},[275],{"type":39,"value":276},"Saiban",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":279,"children":281},{"lang":55,"syntax":280},"裁判[さいばん;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":283},") means \"trial\" or \"legal judgment.\" The courtroom where this happens is called ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":285,"children":286},{},[287],{"type":39,"value":288},"saibansho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":291,"children":293},{"lang":55,"syntax":292},"裁判所[さいばんしょ;h,o]",[],{"type":39,"value":295},"), literally \"judgment place.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":297,"children":298},{},[299,304,305,309,311,315],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":300,"children":301},{},[302],{"type":39,"value":303},"Bengoshi",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":306,"children":308},{"lang":55,"syntax":307},"弁護士[べんごし;n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":310},") is the word for \"lawyer\" or \"attorney.\" These are the professionals who've passed the notoriously difficult bar exam (",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":312,"children":314},{"lang":55,"syntax":313},"司法試験[しほうしけん;n5]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},").",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":318,"children":319},{},[320,325,326,330,332,337,338,342,344,349,350,354],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":321,"children":322},{},[323],{"type":39,"value":324},"Saibankan",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":327,"children":329},{"lang":55,"syntax":328},"裁判官[さいばんかん;n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":331},") means \"judge,\" while ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":333,"children":334},{},[335],{"type":39,"value":336},"kensatsukan",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":339,"children":341},{"lang":55,"syntax":340},"検察官[けんさつかん;n4,n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":343},") refers to a \"prosecutor.\" The defense attorney is specifically called ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347],{"type":39,"value":348},"bengonin",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":351,"children":353},{"lang":55,"syntax":352},"弁護人[べんごにん;h,n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":356,"children":357},{},[358,363,364,368,370,375,376,380],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":359,"children":360},{},[361],{"type":39,"value":362},"Koushouningyoumu",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":365,"children":367},{"lang":55,"syntax":366},"公証人[こうしょうにん;h] 業務[ぎょうむ;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":369},") relates to notary services, though the simpler term ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":371,"children":372},{},[373],{"type":39,"value":374},"koushoujin",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":377,"children":379},{"lang":55,"syntax":378},"公証人[こうしょうにん;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":381},") means \"notary public.\"",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":383,"children":384},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":386,"children":388},{"id":387},"the-japanese-court-system-explained",[389],{"type":39,"value":390},"The Japanese court system explained",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":392,"children":393},{},[394],{"type":39,"value":395},"The Japanese court structure has four levels, and understanding them helps you grasp how legal terminology applies at different stages.",{"type":34,"tag":397,"props":398,"children":399},"ol",{},[400,417,440,457],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":401,"children":402},{},[403,405,410,411,415],{"type":39,"value":404},"The lowest level is the ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":406,"children":407},{},[408],{"type":39,"value":409},"kan'i saibansho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":412,"children":414},{"lang":55,"syntax":413},"簡易[かんい;h,a] 裁判所[さいばんしょ;h,o]",[],{"type":39,"value":416},"), or \"summary court.\" These handle minor civil claims and less serious criminal cases. The character 簡 (kan) means \"simple\" or \"brief.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":418,"children":419},{},[420,422,427,428,432,434,438],{"type":39,"value":421},"Next up are the ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":423,"children":424},{},[425],{"type":39,"value":426},"chihou saibansho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":429,"children":431},{"lang":55,"syntax":430},"地方裁判所[ちほうさいばんしょ;h,o]",[],{"type":39,"value":433},"), or \"district courts.\" These are the main trial courts for serious cases. The character ",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":435,"children":437},{"lang":55,"syntax":436},"地方[ちほう;n2,a]",[],{"type":39,"value":439}," (chihou) means \"region\" or \"district.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":441,"children":442},{},[443,445,450,451,455],{"type":39,"value":444},"Appeals go to the ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":446,"children":447},{},[448],{"type":39,"value":449},"koutou saibansho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":452,"children":454},{"lang":55,"syntax":453},"高等[こうとう;h] 裁判所[さいばんしょ;h,o]",[],{"type":39,"value":456},"), or \"high courts.\" There are eight of these across Japan. The character 高 (kou) means \"high\" or \"elevated.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":458,"children":459},{},[460,462,467,468,472],{"type":39,"value":461},"At the top sits the ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":463,"children":464},{},[465],{"type":39,"value":466},"saikou saibansho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":469,"children":471},{"lang":55,"syntax":470},"最高裁判所[さいこうさいばんしょ;h,o]",[],{"type":39,"value":473},"), or \"Supreme Court.\" The character 最 (sai) means \"most\" or \"supreme.\"",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":475,"children":476},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":478,"children":480},{"id":479},"criminal-law-terminology",[481],{"type":39,"value":482},"Criminal law terminology",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":484,"children":485},{},[486,488,493,494,498,500,505,506,510],{"type":39,"value":487},"Criminal law in Japanese is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":489,"children":490},{},[491],{"type":39,"value":492},"keiji hou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":495,"children":497},{"lang":55,"syntax":496},"刑事法[けいじほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":499},"). The main criminal code is called the ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":501,"children":502},{},[503],{"type":39,"value":504},"keihou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":507,"children":509},{"lang":55,"syntax":508},"刑法[けいほう;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":511},"), established in 1907 but updated many times since.",{"type":34,"tag":238,"props":513,"children":514},{},[515,530,558,573,601,627],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518,523,524,528],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":519,"children":520},{},[521],{"type":39,"value":522},"Hanzai",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":525,"children":527},{"lang":55,"syntax":526},"犯罪[はんざい;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":529},") means \"crime.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":531,"children":532},{},[533,535,540,541,545,547,552,553,557],{"type":39,"value":534},"A criminal is a ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":536,"children":537},{},[538],{"type":39,"value":539},"hannin",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":542,"children":544},{"lang":55,"syntax":543},"犯人[はんにん;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":546},"). When someone commits a crime, they ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":39,"value":551},"hanzai wo okasu",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":554,"children":556},{"lang":55,"syntax":555},"犯罪[はんざい;h] を 犯[おか;k2,h]す",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561,566,567,571],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":562,"children":563},{},[564],{"type":39,"value":565},"Taiho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":568,"children":570},{"lang":55,"syntax":569},"逮捕[たいほ;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":572},") means \"arrest.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":574,"children":575},{},[576,578,583,584,588,590,595,596,600],{"type":39,"value":577},"Police officers (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":579,"children":580},{},[581],{"type":39,"value":582},"keisatsukan",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":585,"children":587},{"lang":55,"syntax":586},"警察官[けいさつかん;n4,n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":589},") can arrest suspects (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":39,"value":594},"yougisha",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":597,"children":599},{"lang":55,"syntax":598},"容疑者[ようぎしゃ;n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":602,"children":603},{},[604,609,610,614,616,621,622,626],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":605,"children":606},{},[607],{"type":39,"value":608},"Keimusho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":611,"children":613},{"lang":55,"syntax":612},"刑務所[けいむしょ;n3,h,o]",[],{"type":39,"value":615},") is \"prison.\" The character 刑 (kei) relates to punishment or penalty. A prison sentence is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619],{"type":39,"value":620},"choeki",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":623,"children":625},{"lang":55,"syntax":624},"懲役[ちょうえき;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":628,"children":629},{},[630,635,636,640,642,647,648,652],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":631,"children":632},{},[633],{"type":39,"value":634},"Yuzai",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":637,"children":639},{"lang":55,"syntax":638},"有罪[ゆうざい;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":641},") means \"guilty,\" while ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":643,"children":644},{},[645],{"type":39,"value":646},"muzai",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":649,"children":651},{"lang":55,"syntax":650},"無罪[むざい;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":653},") means \"not guilty\" or \"innocent.\" The character 罪 (zai) means \"crime\" or \"guilt.\"",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":655,"children":656},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":658,"children":660},{"id":659},"civil-law-and-codes",[661],{"type":39,"value":662},"Civil law and codes",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":664,"children":665},{},[666,668,673,674,678,680,685,686,690,692,699],{"type":39,"value":667},"Civil law is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":669,"children":670},{},[671],{"type":39,"value":672},"minji hou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":675,"children":677},{"lang":55,"syntax":676},"民事法[みんじほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":679},"). The Civil Code, one of the most important legal documents in Japan, is called ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":681,"children":682},{},[683],{"type":39,"value":684},"minpou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":687,"children":689},{"lang":55,"syntax":688},"民法[みんぽう;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":691},"). It was originally enacted in 1896 and covers contracts, property rights, ",{"type":34,"tag":42,"props":693,"children":696},{"href":694,"rel":695},"https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-family-words",[46],[697],{"type":39,"value":698},"family",{"type":39,"value":700}," law, and inheritance.",{"type":34,"tag":238,"props":702,"children":703},{},[704,731,757],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":705,"children":706},{},[707,712,713,717,719,724,725,729],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":708,"children":709},{},[710],{"type":39,"value":711},"Songai",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":714,"children":716},{"lang":55,"syntax":715},"損害[そんがい;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":718},") means \"damage\" or \"loss.\" When someone seeks compensation, they file a ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":720,"children":721},{},[722],{"type":39,"value":723},"songai baishou seikyuu",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":726,"children":728},{"lang":55,"syntax":727},"損害賠償[そんがいばいしょう;n5] 請求[せいきゅう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":730},"), which is a \"claim for damages.\"",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":732,"children":733},{},[734,739,740,744,746,751,752,756],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":735,"children":736},{},[737],{"type":39,"value":738},"Soshō",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":741,"children":743},{"lang":55,"syntax":742},"訴訟[そしょう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":745},") means \"lawsuit\" or \"litigation.\" To sue someone is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":747,"children":748},{},[749],{"type":39,"value":750},"uttaeru",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":753,"children":755},{"lang":55,"syntax":754},"訴[うった;k4,k3]える",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":758,"children":759},{},[760,765,766,770],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":761,"children":762},{},[763],{"type":39,"value":764},"Shoyuuken",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":767,"children":769},{"lang":55,"syntax":768},"所有権[しょゆうけん;n2]",[],{"type":39,"value":771},") means \"ownership rights.\" Property law gets pretty complex in Japanese, but this term covers the basic concept of owning something.",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":773,"children":774},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":776,"children":778},{"id":777},"contract-and-commercial-law-basics",[779],{"type":39,"value":780},"Contract and commercial law basics",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":782,"children":783},{},[784,786,791,792,796,798,803,804,808,810,814,815,818,820,827],{"type":39,"value":785},"Commercial law is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":787,"children":788},{},[789],{"type":39,"value":790},"shouji hou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":793,"children":795},{"lang":55,"syntax":794},"商事[しょうじ;a] 法[ほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":797},") or ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":799,"children":800},{},[801],{"type":39,"value":802},"shouhou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":805,"children":807},{"lang":55,"syntax":806},"商法[しょうほう;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":809},"). The Commercial Code (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813],{"type":39,"value":802},{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":816,"children":817},{"lang":55,"syntax":806},[],{"type":39,"value":819},") governs ",{"type":34,"tag":42,"props":821,"children":824},{"href":822,"rel":823},"https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-business-vocabulary",[46],[825],{"type":39,"value":826},"business transactions",{"type":39,"value":828}," and corporate activities.",{"type":34,"tag":238,"props":830,"children":831},{},[832,858,885,911],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":833,"children":834},{},[835,840,841,845,847,852,853,857],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":836,"children":837},{},[838],{"type":39,"value":839},"Torihiki",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":842,"children":844},{"lang":55,"syntax":843},"取引[とりひき;n2]",[],{"type":39,"value":846},") means \"transaction\" or \"business deal.\" A business partner is a ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":848,"children":849},{},[850],{"type":39,"value":851},"torihiki saki",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":854,"children":856},{"lang":55,"syntax":855},"取引先[とりひきさき;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":859,"children":860},{},[861,866,867,871,873,878,879,883],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":862,"children":863},{},[864],{"type":39,"value":865},"Kaisha",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":868,"children":870},{"lang":55,"syntax":869},"会社[かいしゃ;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":872},") means \"company.\" A corporation is specifically a ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":874,"children":875},{},[876],{"type":39,"value":877},"kabushiki gaisha",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":880,"children":882},{"lang":55,"syntax":881},"株式会社[かぶしきがいしゃ;n5]",[],{"type":39,"value":884},"), often abbreviated as KK. You'll see this everywhere in Japanese business.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":886,"children":887},{},[888,893,894,898,900,905,906,910],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":889,"children":890},{},[891],{"type":39,"value":892},"Touki",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":895,"children":897},{"lang":55,"syntax":896},"登記[とうき;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":899},") means \"registration\" or \"registry.\" Companies must register with the Legal Affairs Bureau (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":901,"children":902},{},[903],{"type":39,"value":904},"houmukyoku",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":907,"children":909},{"lang":55,"syntax":908},"法務局[ほうむきょく;n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":912,"children":913},{},[914,919,920,924],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":915,"children":916},{},[917],{"type":39,"value":918},"Yakkan",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":921,"children":923},{"lang":55,"syntax":922},"約款[やっかん;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":925},") refers to \"terms and conditions\" or \"stipulations\" in a contract. These are the detailed clauses that nobody reads but probably should.",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":927,"children":928},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":930,"children":932},{"id":931},"labor-law-essentials",[933],{"type":39,"value":934},"Labor law essentials",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":936,"children":937},{},[938,940,945,946,950,952,957,958,962],{"type":39,"value":939},"Labor law is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":941,"children":942},{},[943],{"type":39,"value":944},"roudou hou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":947,"children":949},{"lang":55,"syntax":948},"労働法[ろうどうほう;h,n3]",[],{"type":39,"value":951},"). The Labor Standards Act (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":953,"children":954},{},[955],{"type":39,"value":956},"roudou kijun hou",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":959,"children":961},{"lang":55,"syntax":960},"労働[ろうどう;h] 基準[きじゅん;h] 法[ほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":963},") sets minimum standards for working conditions.",{"type":34,"tag":238,"props":965,"children":966},{},[967,993,1008,1034],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":968,"children":969},{},[970,975,976,980,982,987,988,992],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":971,"children":972},{},[973],{"type":39,"value":974},"Koyou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":977,"children":979},{"lang":55,"syntax":978},"雇用[こよう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":981},") means \"employment.\" An employment contract is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":983,"children":984},{},[985],{"type":39,"value":986},"koyou keiyaku",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":989,"children":991},{"lang":55,"syntax":990},"雇用[こよう;h] 契約[けいやく;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":994,"children":995},{},[996,1001,1002,1006],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":997,"children":998},{},[999],{"type":39,"value":1000},"Kaiko",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1003,"children":1005},{"lang":55,"syntax":1004},"解雇[かいこ;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":1007},") means \"dismissal\" or \"firing.\" Japan has strong worker protections, so this process involves specific legal procedures.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1009,"children":1010},{},[1011,1016,1017,1021,1023,1028,1029,1033],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1012,"children":1013},{},[1014],{"type":39,"value":1015},"Chingin",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1018,"children":1020},{"lang":55,"syntax":1019},"賃金[ちんぎん;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":1022},") means \"wages\" or \"salary.\" Minimum wage is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1024,"children":1025},{},[1026],{"type":39,"value":1027},"saitei chingin",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1030,"children":1032},{"lang":55,"syntax":1031},"最低賃金[さいていちんぎん;n5]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1035,"children":1036},{},[1037,1042,1043,1047],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1038,"children":1039},{},[1040],{"type":39,"value":1041},"Roudou kumiai",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1044,"children":1046},{"lang":55,"syntax":1045},"労働組合[ろうどうくみあい;n5]",[],{"type":39,"value":1048},") means \"labor union.\" These play a significant role in Japanese labor relations.",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":1050,"children":1051},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":1053,"children":1055},{"id":1054},"family-law-terminology",[1056],{"type":39,"value":1057},"Family law terminology",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":1059,"children":1060},{},[1061,1063,1068,1069,1073],{"type":39,"value":1062},"Family law falls under the Civil Code but has its own specialized vocabulary. ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1064,"children":1065},{},[1066],{"type":39,"value":1067},"Kazoku hou",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1070,"children":1072},{"lang":55,"syntax":1071},"家族法[かぞくほう;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1074},") covers marriage, divorce, adoption, and inheritance.",{"type":34,"tag":238,"props":1076,"children":1077},{},[1078,1105,1132,1147],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1079,"children":1080},{},[1081,1086,1087,1091,1093,1098,1099,1103],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1082,"children":1083},{},[1084],{"type":39,"value":1085},"Kekkon",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1088,"children":1090},{"lang":55,"syntax":1089},"結婚[けっこん;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1092},") means \"marriage.\" To register a marriage, couples submit a ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1094,"children":1095},{},[1096],{"type":39,"value":1097},"konin todoke",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1100,"children":1102},{"lang":55,"syntax":1101},"婚姻届[こんいんとどけ;n5]",[],{"type":39,"value":1104},") to their local ward office.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1106,"children":1107},{},[1108,1113,1114,1118,1120,1125,1126,1130],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1109,"children":1110},{},[1111],{"type":39,"value":1112},"Rikon",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1115,"children":1117},{"lang":55,"syntax":1116},"離婚[りこん;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1119},") means \"divorce.\" Japan recognizes both consensual divorce (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1121,"children":1122},{},[1123],{"type":39,"value":1124},"kyougi rikon",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1127,"children":1129},{"lang":55,"syntax":1128},"協議[きょうぎ;a,o] 離婚[りこん;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1131},") and court-mediated divorce.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1133,"children":1134},{},[1135,1140,1141,1145],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1136,"children":1137},{},[1138],{"type":39,"value":1139},"Youshi engumi",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1142,"children":1144},{"lang":55,"syntax":1143},"養子縁組[ようしえんぐみ;h,n4]",[],{"type":39,"value":1146},") means \"adoption.\" Japanese adoption law includes provisions for adult adoption, which is sometimes used for business succession.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1148,"children":1149},{},[1150,1155,1156,1160,1162,1167,1168,1172],{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1151,"children":1152},{},[1153],{"type":39,"value":1154},"Souzoku",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1157,"children":1159},{"lang":55,"syntax":1158},"相続[そうぞく;h,a]",[],{"type":39,"value":1161},") means \"inheritance.\" When someone dies, their estate goes through ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1163,"children":1164},{},[1165],{"type":39,"value":1166},"souzoku tetsuzuki",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1169,"children":1171},{"lang":55,"syntax":1170},"相続[そうぞく;h,a] 手続[てつづ;n2]き",[],{"type":39,"value":1173},"), or \"inheritance procedures.\"",{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":1175,"children":1176},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":1178,"children":1180},{"id":1179},"legal-translation-challenges",[1181],{"type":39,"value":1182},"Legal translation challenges",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":1184,"children":1185},{},[1186],{"type":39,"value":1187},"Translating between Japanese and English legal systems presents real challenges because the concepts don't always match up perfectly.",{"type":34,"tag":397,"props":1189,"children":1190},{},[1191,1207,1224],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1192,"children":1193},{},[1194,1196,1201,1202,1205],{"type":39,"value":1195},"A Japanese ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1197,"children":1198},{},[1199],{"type":39,"value":1200},"keiyaku",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1203,"children":1204},{"lang":55,"syntax":253},[],{"type":39,"value":1206},") might function differently than an English \"contract\" due to different legal traditions and enforcement mechanisms.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1208,"children":1209},{},[1210,1212,1217,1218,1222],{"type":39,"value":1211},"Professional legal translation (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1213,"children":1214},{},[1215],{"type":39,"value":1216},"houritsu honyaku",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1219,"children":1221},{"lang":55,"syntax":1220},"法律[ほうりつ;h] 翻訳[ほんやく;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1223},") requires understanding both language and legal systems. Many law firms in Japan employ bilingual legal specialists who can navigate both frameworks.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1225,"children":1226},{},[1227,1229,1234,1235,1239,1241,1246,1247,1251,1253,1258,1259,1263],{"type":39,"value":1228},"When you need to translate \"legal\" to Japanese, context matters. \"Legal advice\" becomes ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1230,"children":1231},{},[1232],{"type":39,"value":1233},"houritsu soudan",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1236,"children":1238},{"lang":55,"syntax":1237},"法律相談[ほうりつそうだん;n5]",[],{"type":39,"value":1240},"). \"Legal document\" is ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1242,"children":1243},{},[1244],{"type":39,"value":1245},"houritsu bunsho",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1248,"children":1250},{"lang":55,"syntax":1249},"法律[ほうりつ;h] 文書[ぶんしょ;a]",[],{"type":39,"value":1252},"). \"Legal representative\" translates to ",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1254,"children":1255},{},[1256],{"type":39,"value":1257},"houteii dairi nin",{"type":39,"value":87},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1260,"children":1262},{"lang":55,"syntax":1261},"法定代理人[ほうていだいりにん;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":316},{"type":34,"tag":65,"props":1265,"children":1266},{},[],{"type":34,"tag":69,"props":1268,"children":1270},{"id":1269},"practical-tips-for-learning-legal-japanese",[1271],{"type":39,"value":1272},"Practical tips for learning legal Japanese",{"type":34,"tag":397,"props":1274,"children":1275},{},[1276,1298,1315,1320],{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1277,"children":1278},{},[1279,1281,1284,1286,1290,1292,1296],{"type":39,"value":1280},"Start with the most common terms and build from there. Legal Japanese uses a lot of compound words where you can recognize individual kanji characters. Once you know ",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1282,"children":1283},{"lang":55,"syntax":113},[],{"type":39,"value":1285}," (hou\u002Flaw), ",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1287,"children":1289},{"lang":55,"syntax":1288},"裁[さい]",[],{"type":39,"value":1291}," (sai\u002Fjudge), and ",{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1293,"children":1295},{"lang":55,"syntax":1294},"契[けい;o,h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1297}," (kei\u002Fpromise), you can decode many related terms.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1299,"children":1300},{},[1301,1303,1308,1309,1313],{"type":39,"value":1302},"Read actual legal documents, even if you start with simple ones like rental agreements (",{"type":34,"tag":81,"props":1304,"children":1305},{},[1306],{"type":39,"value":1307},"chintai keiyaku",{"type":39,"value":216},{"type":34,"tag":53,"props":1310,"children":1312},{"lang":55,"syntax":1311},"賃貸[ちんたい;h] 契約[けいやく;h]",[],{"type":39,"value":1314},"). The repetition helps cement vocabulary.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1316,"children":1317},{},[1318],{"type":39,"value":1319},"Watch Japanese courtroom dramas. Shows like \"Hero\" or \"99.9: Criminal Lawyer\" use legal terminology in context, which helps you understand how these terms function in real situations.",{"type":34,"tag":242,"props":1321,"children":1322},{},[1323],{"type":39,"value":1324},"Consider using bilingual legal dictionaries. The \"Japanese Law Translation\" database maintained by the Ministry of Justice provides official English translations of major Japanese laws, which helps you see how terms correspond across languages.",{"type":34,"tag":35,"props":1326,"children":1327},{},[1328,1330,1337],{"type":39,"value":1329},"Anyway, if you want to build your ",{"type":34,"tag":42,"props":1331,"children":1334},{"href":1332,"rel":1333},"https:\u002F\u002Fmigaku.com\u002Fblog\u002Fjapanese\u002Fjapanese-spaced-repetition",[46],[1335],{"type":39,"value":1336},"Japanese vocabulary",{"type":39,"value":1338}," beyond just legal terms, Migaku's browser extension and app let you look up words instantly while reading actual Japanese websites or watching shows. Makes learning from real content way more practical. 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