[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-article-local-korean-verbs-conjugation-guide":3,"$fHZsWYl_LcdVZ5GxKwtR-ZqvCZbbUdo2_Fi6R_GQKiQM":1908,"blog-article-cms-korean-verbs-conjugation-guide":1910,"article-hreflang-korean-verbs-conjugation-guide":1911,"blog-article-related-korean-verbs-conjugation-guide":3267},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":1886,"extension":1887,"meta":1888,"navigation":1901,"path":1902,"rawbody":1903,"seo":1904,"stem":1905,"__hash__":1906,"timestampUnix":1889,"slug":1890,"h1":1891,"image":1892,"tags":1898,"timestamp":1907,"locale":-1},"content\u002Farticle\u002Fkorean\u002Fkorean-verbs.md","[Beginners] A Guide to Korean Verbs and Korean Verb Conjugation",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1862},"minimark",[9,13,16,19,28,31,34,53,56,61,64,69,72,88,96,100,108,139,148,170,173,201,205,211,220,223,228,231,234,333,337,348,351,354,447,451,454,482,485,496,521,525,533,536,564,568,571,727,731,734,752,755,759,762,765,772,777,781,784,787,798,801,805,808,811,826,830,833,861,864,872,885,897,901,906,917,920,1028,1031,1042,1045,1056,1080,1084,1087,1090,1096,1099,1114,1121,1124,1407,1410,1414,1417,1748,1752,1755,1760,1766,1773,1776,1783,1786,1792,1799,1802,1814,1820,1823,1826,1831,1835,1842,1845,1853,1856,1859],[10,11,12],"p",{},"Good news:",[10,14,15],{},"By the time you finish this article, you're going to understand how Korean verbs work. From super basic stuff like what a verb is (we don't judge) to more difficult stuff like conjugation rules or the various forms of verbs—it's all here.",[10,17,18],{},"We've also included a big table of the 25 most useful Korean verbs for beginners. You can screenshot it and make it your phone's background... or something.",[10,20,21,22,27],{},"This isn't everything you need to know to ",[23,24,26],"a",{"href":25},"\u002Flearn-korean","learn Korean",", of course, but it's a pretty solid start.",[10,29,30],{},"Anyway, get ready for:",[32,33],"toc",{},[35,36,37,42,45],"blockquote",{},[38,39,41],"centered-text",{"bold":40,"underline":40},"","\nForewarning\n",[43,44],"br",{},[10,46,47,48,52],{},"This article assumes that you can already read Hangul. We'll include romanization and audio in most places, but if you're completely new to Korean, you might want to take a moment to check out our ",[23,49,51],{"href":50},"\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Flearn-korean-hangul","guide to reading and pronouncing Hangul",".",[54,55],"hr",{},[57,58,60],"h2",{"id":59},"the-über-important-job-that-verbs-do","The über important job that verbs do",[10,62,63],{},"There's one thing that's worth making clear before we dive into this:",[35,65,66],{},[10,67,68],{},"The heart of any sentence is its verb.",[10,70,71],{},"As much Korean grammar as you might learn, it's basically doing the same thing: providing you a bit more information about the verb of the sentence it's used in. Grammar helps us specify things like:",[73,74,75,79,82,85],"ul",{},[76,77,78],"li",{},"Why the verb was done",[76,80,81],{},"Who did the verb",[76,83,84],{},"Who or what the verb was done to",[76,86,87],{},"When the verb was done",[10,89,90,91,95],{},"Suffice it to say that if you want to speak Korean, or ",[92,93,94],"em",{},"any"," language, getting a handle on verbs is super important.",[57,97,99],{"id":98},"a-crash-course-in-korean-sentence-structure","A crash course in Korean sentence structure",[10,101,102,103,107],{},"We won't go super far into this because we've got an entire separate blog post about ",[23,104,106],{"href":105},"\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Flearn-basic-korean-grammar","basic Korean grammar",", but, really fast, a sentence's fundamental building blocks consist of three things: subject, verb, and object.",[73,109,110,121,130],{},[76,111,112,120],{},[113,114,115,119],"strong",{},[116,117,118],"u",{},"S","ubject"," — the doer of an action",[76,122,123,129],{},[113,124,125,128],{},[116,126,127],{},"V","erb"," — the action itself",[76,131,132,138],{},[113,133,134,137],{},[116,135,136],{},"O","bject"," — what receives the action",[10,140,141,142,52],{},"I refer to these as being \"fundamental\" building blocks because ",[23,143,147],{"href":144,"rel":145},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSubject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order",[146],"nofollow","languages are actually categorized according to how they organize these things within a sentence",[73,149,150,160],{},[76,151,152,155,156,159],{},[113,153,154],{},"English"," is what's called a ",[113,157,158],{},"subject-verb-object (SVO)"," language because we tend to start sentences with a subject and a verb and go from there.",[76,161,162,165,166,169],{},[113,163,164],{},"Korean",", in contrast, is what's called a ",[113,167,168],{},"subject-object-verb (SOV)"," language—the main verb of Korean sentences goes at the very end of the sentence.",[10,171,172],{},"While longer sentences get complicated, you can immediately see what this means for Korean word order if we look at a simple sentence. I've underlined the verbs in the below sentences (and bolded the objects) so you can see how English and Korean organize their sentences differently.",[73,174,175,185],{},[76,176,177,178,181,182,52],{},"The teacher ",[116,179,180],{},"reads"," ",[113,183,184],{},"a book",[76,186,187,188,191,192,195,196],{},"선생님은 ",[113,189,190],{},"책","을 ",[116,193,194],{},"읽습니다",".  ",[197,198],"custom-audio",{"src":199,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-선생님은 책을 읽습니다..mp3","3",[57,202,204],{"id":203},"the-4-categories-of-korean-verbs","The 4 categories of Korean verbs",[10,206,207,208],{},"So, I'm pretty sure you know what a verb is. You've seen Nike ads before. ",[92,209,210],{},"It's what you do.",[10,212,213,214,219],{},"What might be news to you is that, just as there are proper nouns (like Korea or Rap Monster) and common nouns (like kimchi or ",[23,215,218],{"href":216,"rel":217},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHaejang-guk",[146],"hangover stew","), there are actually different types of verbs, too.",[10,221,222],{},"Korean recognizes four different categories of verbs, and roughly understanding what each one does will make your language learning life easier.",[224,225,227],"h3",{"id":226},"_1️⃣-action-verbs-aka-processive-verbs","1️⃣ Action verbs (AKA \"processive verbs\")",[10,229,230],{},"Let's start with the easy one: action verbs are the concrete things you do. These verbs describe physical actions and activities that you can actually (usually) observe someone doing. Action verbs are probably what you think of when you think of verbs.",[10,232,233],{},"Some common ones include:",[235,236,237,249],"table",{},[238,239,240],"thead",{},[241,242,243,247],"tr",{},[244,245,246],"th",{},"Korean Verb (Romaji)",[244,248,154],{},[250,251,252,261,269,277,285,293,301,309,317,325],"tbody",{},[241,253,254,258],{},[255,256,257],"td",{},"먹다 (meokda)",[255,259,260],{},"to eat",[241,262,263,266],{},[255,264,265],{},"마시다 (masida)",[255,267,268],{},"to drink",[241,270,271,274],{},[255,272,273],{},"가다 (kada)",[255,275,276],{},"to go",[241,278,279,282],{},[255,280,281],{},"오다 (oda)",[255,283,284],{},"to come",[241,286,287,290],{},[255,288,289],{},"말하다 (malhada)",[255,291,292],{},"to speak",[241,294,295,298],{},[255,296,297],{},"듣다 (teutda)",[255,299,300],{},"to listen",[241,302,303,306],{},[255,304,305],{},"보다 (poda)",[255,307,308],{},"to see\u002Fwatch",[241,310,311,314],{},[255,312,313],{},"자다 (chada)",[255,315,316],{},"to sleep",[241,318,319,322],{},[255,320,321],{},"공부하다 (kongbuhada)",[255,323,324],{},"to study",[241,326,327,330],{},[255,328,329],{},"일하다 (ilhada)",[255,331,332],{},"to work",[224,334,336],{"id":335},"_2️⃣-descriptive-verbs-aka-stative-verbs-or-adjectives","2️⃣ Descriptive verbs (AKA \"stative verbs\" or \"adjectives\")",[10,338,339,340,343,344,347],{},"Whereas action verbs state what the subject of a sentence does, descriptive verbs state what the subject of a sentence ",[92,341,342],{},"is",". Specifically, they say that the subject of the sentence is a quality, state, or condition... which is to say that they ",[92,345,346],{},"describe"," the subject.",[10,349,350],{},"While they're not quite the same thing, you won't run into any problems if you simplify things by saying that descriptive verbs are just adjectives.",[10,352,353],{},"Some common Korean \"adjectives\" include:",[235,355,356,365],{},[238,357,358],{},[241,359,360,363],{},[244,361,362],{},"Korean Verb",[244,364,154],{},[250,366,367,375,383,391,399,407,415,423,431,439],{},[241,368,369,372],{},[255,370,371],{},"크다 (keuda)",[255,373,374],{},"to be big",[241,376,377,380],{},[255,378,379],{},"작다 (chakda)",[255,381,382],{},"to be small",[241,384,385,388],{},[255,386,387],{},"좋다 (chota)",[255,389,390],{},"to be good",[241,392,393,396],{},[255,394,395],{},"나쁘다 (nappeuda)",[255,397,398],{},"to be bad",[241,400,401,404],{},[255,402,403],{},"맛있다 (masitda)",[255,405,406],{},"to be delicious",[241,408,409,412],{},[255,410,411],{},"맛없다 (mateopda)",[255,413,414],{},"to be tasteless\u002Fdisgusting",[241,416,417,420],{},[255,418,419],{},"재미있다 (chaemiitda)",[255,421,422],{},"to be interesting",[241,424,425,428],{},[255,426,427],{},"재미없다 (chaemieopda)",[255,429,430],{},"to be boring",[241,432,433,436],{},[255,434,435],{},"비싸다 (pissada)",[255,437,438],{},"to be expensive",[241,440,441,444],{},[255,442,443],{},"싸다 (ssada)",[255,445,446],{},"to be cheap",[224,448,450],{"id":449},"_3️⃣-existential-verbs","3️⃣ Existential verbs",[10,452,453],{},"Existential verbs, as the name implies, indicate the existence of something. Thankfully, there are only two of them:",[235,455,456,464],{},[238,457,458],{},[241,459,460,462],{},[244,461,362],{},[244,463,154],{},[250,465,466,474],{},[241,467,468,471],{},[255,469,470],{},"있다 (itda)",[255,472,473],{},"to exist",[241,475,476,479],{},[255,477,478],{},"없다 (eopda)",[255,480,481],{},"to not exist",[10,483,484],{},"These verbs are used to say that somethings exists (there is...), but they're also used to say that something is at a certain location or that you have something.",[10,486,487,488,491,492,495],{},"Using \"there is\" to show possession might be a bit difficult to wrap your head around, so don't over think it. Just remember that if you say you ",[92,489,490],{},"have"," something in English, you'll say that it ",[92,493,494],{},"exists"," in Korean:",[73,497,498],{},[76,499,500,501,504,505,181,508,510,511,504,514,516,517,520],{},"아쉽게도 밀쿠티가 ",[116,502,503],{},"없어요",". ",[197,506],{"src":507,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아쉽게도 밀쿠티가 없어요..mp3",[43,509],{}," aswibgedo milkutiga ",[116,512,513],{},"eobs-eoyo",[43,515],{}," Unfortunately, (I) ",[116,518,519],{},"don't have"," any milk tea.",[224,522,524],{"id":523},"_4️⃣-copulative-verbs","4️⃣ Copulative verbs",[10,526,527,528,52],{},"\"Copula\" is a fancy linguistic word that you can basically think of as being an equal sign: it says that A is B. ",[23,529,532],{"href":530,"rel":531},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_English_copulae",[146],"The most common English copula is \"to be\"",[10,534,535],{},"Korean has two copulas:",[235,537,538,546],{},[238,539,540],{},[241,541,542,544],{},[244,543,362],{},[244,545,154],{},[250,547,548,556],{},[241,549,550,553],{},[255,551,552],{},"이다 (ida)",[255,554,555],{},"to be",[241,557,558,561],{},[255,559,560],{},"아니다 (anida)",[255,562,563],{},"to not be",[224,565,567],{"id":566},"a-bonus-unofficial-one","💰 A bonus unofficial one",[10,569,570],{},"There are also special \"helper\" verbs, the most common of which is 하다 (hada), that you can combine with a noun to create a verb. These verbs technically fall into the category of either action verbs or descriptive verbs, but I've included them in a separate section because I think the pattern is worth highlighting.",[235,572,573,587],{},[238,574,575],{},[241,576,577,580,582,585],{},[244,578,579],{},"Korean Noun",[244,581,154],{},[244,583,584],{},"Korean 하다 Verb ",[244,586,154],{},[250,588,589,601,615,629,643,657,671,685,699,713],{},[241,590,591,594,597,599],{},[255,592,593],{},"공부 (kongbu)",[255,595,596],{},"study",[255,598,321],{},[255,600,324],{},[241,602,603,606,609,612],{},[255,604,605],{},"준비 (chunbi)",[255,607,608],{},"preparation",[255,610,611],{},"준비하다 (chunbihada)",[255,613,614],{},"to prepare",[241,616,617,620,623,626],{},[255,618,619],{},"생각 (saenggak)",[255,621,622],{},"thought",[255,624,625],{},"생각하다 (saenggakhada)",[255,627,628],{},"to think",[241,630,631,634,637,640],{},[255,632,633],{},"선택 (seontaek)",[255,635,636],{},"choice",[255,638,639],{},"선택하다 (seontaekhada)",[255,641,642],{},"to choose",[241,644,645,648,651,654],{},[255,646,647],{},"사랑 (sarang)",[255,649,650],{},"love",[255,652,653],{},"사랑하다 (saranghada)",[255,655,656],{},"to love",[241,658,659,662,665,668],{},[255,660,661],{},"설명 (seolmyeong)",[255,663,664],{},"explanation",[255,666,667],{},"설명하다 (seolmyeonghada)",[255,669,670],{},"to explain",[241,672,673,676,679,682],{},[255,674,675],{},"결정 (kyeoljeong)",[255,677,678],{},"decision",[255,680,681],{},"결정하다 (kyeoljeonghada)",[255,683,684],{},"to decide",[241,686,687,690,693,696],{},[255,688,689],{},"걱정 (keokjeong)",[255,691,692],{},"worry",[255,694,695],{},"걱정하다 (keokjeonghada)",[255,697,698],{},"to worry",[241,700,701,704,707,710],{},[255,702,703],{},"사용 (sayong)",[255,705,706],{},"use",[255,708,709],{},"사용하다 (sayonghada)",[255,711,712],{},"to use",[241,714,715,718,721,724],{},[255,716,717],{},"노력 (noryeok)",[255,719,720],{},"effort",[255,722,723],{},"노력하다 (noryeokhada)",[255,725,726],{},"to try \u002F put in effort",[57,728,730],{"id":729},"the-basics-of-korean-verb-conjugation","The basics of Korean verb conjugation",[10,732,733],{},"Good news and bad news here folks:",[73,735,736,746],{},[76,737,738,741,742,745],{},[113,739,740],{},"Bad news"," → You ",[92,743,744],{},"can't"," just drop a verb into a sentence—you need to conjugate them in order to use them (which is to say that you need to change their form in a certain way)",[76,747,748,751],{},[113,749,750],{},"Good news"," → Compared to English, Korean is very regular—once you understand how a conjugation pattern works, you'll be able to apply it without too much trouble",[10,753,754],{},"It'll take a bit of effort and memorization on your part to master Korean conjugation, and we don't have enough space in this blog post to cover it in detail, but here's the basics you need to know to get started:",[224,756,758],{"id":757},"_1️⃣-take-a-korean-verb-in-dictionary-form","1️⃣ Take a Korean verb in dictionary form",[10,760,761],{},"If you go back to the above section and skim through the example verbs I gave you, you'll notice that they all end in -다 (da). The dictionary form of all Korean verbs ends in -다 (da).",[10,763,764],{},"If we break down the verb 만나다 (mannada, \"to meet\"), for example, we get this:",[766,767],"img",{"src":768,"width":769,"height":770,"alt":771},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-stem.webp",1000,550,"A graphic that shows how Korean verbs come in two parts, a verb stem and a verb ending",[35,773,774],{},[10,775,776],{},"💡 The dictionary form of every single Korean verb (and adjective) ends in -다 (da).",[224,778,780],{"id":779},"_2️⃣-remove-다-to-get-the-verb-stem","2️⃣ Remove ~다 to get the verb stem",[10,782,783],{},"The verb stem is the base part of the verb, and it generally remains consistent no matter what kind of funny business is going on with the end of the verb.",[10,785,786],{},"Thankfully, you don't need to be a green thumb to handle Korean verb stems. All you have to do is take a verb and yoink ~다 from the end of it, as follows:",[73,788,789,792,795],{},[76,790,791],{},"Take the verb 가다 (kada, \"to go\") → Yoink the ~다 → get the stem 가~",[76,793,794],{},"Take the verb 먹다 (mogda, \"to eat\") → Yoink the ~다 → get the stem 먹~",[76,796,797],{},"Take the verb 하다 (hada, \"to do\") → Yoink the ~다 → get the stem 하~",[10,799,800],{},"If you know your Hangul, you'll notice that the stem 가 (ka) ends in a vowel whereas the stem 먹 (mog) ends with a consonant. This is very important. Most Korean verb endings (and particles, and grammar points in general) come in two shapes: one that gets used with syllable blocks that end in a consonant and another that gets used with syllable blocks that in a vowel.",[224,802,804],{"id":803},"_3️⃣-add-your-verb-ending-or-conjugation-pattern","3️⃣ Add your verb ending or conjugation pattern",[10,806,807],{},"Verb stems, like flower stems, are incomplete. You need to tack the petals on top before people can appreciate their nature as a flower or verb.",[10,809,810],{},"We'll give more concrete details about how verbs change down below, in the section on Korean verb tenses. For now, just know that:",[73,812,813,820,823],{},[76,814,815,816,819],{},"Korean has ",[92,817,818],{},"several"," different endings that can be used with verbs",[76,821,822],{},"Which ending you use depends on what you want to say",[76,824,825],{},"The Hangul that a verb stem ends with is important: most verb endings come in pairs, one for verb stems that end in a consonant and another for those that end in a vowel",[224,827,829],{"id":828},"️-a-note-about-koreans-irregular-verbs","‼️ A note about Korean's irregular verbs",[10,831,832],{},"Korean verbs are super regular, especially in comparison to their English counterparts. Nevertheless, there are seven types of Korean irregular verbs you'll need to keep an eye on:",[73,834,835],{},[76,836,837,838],{},"Verb stem ends in...\n",[73,839,840,843,846,849,852,855,858],{},[76,841,842],{},"ㅅ",[76,844,845],{},"ㄷ",[76,847,848],{},"ㅂ",[76,850,851],{},"으",[76,853,854],{},"르",[76,856,857],{},"ㄹ",[76,859,860],{},"ㅎ",[10,862,863],{},"Let's look at two -ㅂ irregular verbs to show what we mean by \"verb stem ends in...\":",[73,865,866,869],{},[76,867,868],{},"쉽다 (swibda, \"to be easy\") → remove -다 → get 쉽- → 쉽 ends in ㅂ → this is a ㅂ irregular",[76,870,871],{},"어렵다 (eolyeobda, \"to be difficult\") → remove -다 → get 어렵- → 어렵 ends in ㅂ → this is a ㅂ irregular",[10,873,874,875,884],{},"How irregular verbs work is beyond the scope of this blog post ",[92,876,877,878,883],{},"(read about them ",[23,879,882],{"href":880,"rel":881},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.koreanwikiproject.com\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:Irregular_verbs",[146],"here",", if you're interested)",", but you should know two things:",[886,887,888,891,894],"ol",{},[76,889,890],{},"They still follow the basic 3-part formula we introduced above",[76,892,893],{},"They are \"regularly\" irregular, in that pretty much all of the verbs in each subset work the same way",[76,895,896],{},"They will become second nature as you spend more time in Korean",[57,898,900],{"id":899},"the-basics-of-korean-verb-tenses","The basics of Korean verb tenses",[35,902,903],{},[10,904,905],{},"🧩 Summarizing the above section, here's a basic formula for conjugating Korean verbs:",[886,907,908,911,914],{},[76,909,910],{},"Start with the dictionary form (verbs end in -다)",[76,912,913],{},"Yeet 다 to get the verb stem",[76,915,916],{},"Add your verb ending (this may require you to slightly modify the verb stem, too)",[10,918,919],{},"With this in mind, now look at the below table and see if you can work out any patterns:",[235,921,922,950],{},[238,923,924],{},[241,925,926,929,936,943],{},[244,927,928],{},"Dictionary form",[244,930,931],{},[23,932,935],{"href":933,"rel":934},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation",[146],"가다 (To go)",[244,937,938],{},[23,939,942],{"href":940,"rel":941},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%EB%A8%B9%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation",[146]," 먹다 (To eat)",[244,944,945],{},[23,946,949],{"href":947,"rel":948},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation",[146],"하다 (To do)",[250,951,952,968,983,999,1015],{},[241,953,954,959,962,965],{},[255,955,956],{},[113,957,958],{},"Verb stem",[255,960,961],{},"가",[255,963,964],{},"먹",[255,966,967],{},"하",[241,969,970,975,977,980],{},[255,971,972],{},[113,973,974],{},"Present tense",[255,976,961],{},[255,978,979],{},"먹어",[255,981,982],{},"해",[241,984,985,990,993,996],{},[255,986,987],{},[113,988,989],{},"Past tense",[255,991,992],{},"갔어",[255,994,995],{},"먹었어",[255,997,998],{},"했어",[241,1000,1001,1006,1009,1012],{},[255,1002,1003],{},[113,1004,1005],{},"Future tense",[255,1007,1008],{},"갈 거야",[255,1010,1011],{},"먹을 거야",[255,1013,1014],{},"할 거야",[241,1016,1017,1022,1024,1026],{},[255,1018,1019],{},[113,1020,1021],{},"Imperative",[255,1023,961],{},[255,1025,979],{},[255,1027,982],{},[10,1029,1030],{},"하다 is an irregular verb, but if we omit that and focus on 먹다\u002F하다, we can see that:",[73,1032,1033,1036,1039],{},[76,1034,1035],{},"The present tense ends in an -아 or 어 sound",[76,1037,1038],{},"The past tense ends in ~ㅆ어 sound",[76,1040,1041],{},"The future tense ends in ~ㄹ 거야 sound",[10,1043,1044],{},"It unfortunately gets more complex than that:",[73,1046,1047,1050,1053],{},[76,1048,1049],{},"Each tense has a few variations for formality and politeness",[76,1051,1052],{},"There are two different past-tense forms and several different future tenses",[76,1054,1055],{},"There are verb endings for things we don't think of as being tenses in English, conveying things like \"if\" or \"because\"",[10,1057,1058,1059,1062,1063,1067,1068,1072,1073,504,1077],{},"It's beyond the scope of this blog post, but if you want to see ",[92,1060,1061],{},"all"," of Korean's possible verb forms, check out the Wiktionary pages for ",[23,1064,1066],{"href":933,"rel":1065},[146],"가다",", ",[23,1069,1071],{"href":940,"rel":1070},[146],"먹다",", and ",[23,1074,1076],{"href":947,"rel":1075},[146],"하다",[92,1078,1079],{},"(Click on \"Show ▼\" at the far-right side of the grey \"Conjugation\" bar).",[57,1081,1083],{"id":1082},"the-basics-of-korean-speech-levels-banmal-vs-honorifics","The basics of Korean speech levels (banmal vs honorifics)",[10,1085,1086],{},"In the above section we commented that verbs in the Korean language conjugate in order to communicate information that we wouldn't think of as being the \"job\" of the verb in English.",[10,1088,1089],{},"One of the things Korean verbs do that English verbs don't do is specify the status of the speaker in relation to the person they are talking to and\u002For about. This is done by using specific verb endings:",[766,1091],{"src":1092,"width":1093,"height":1094,"alt":1095},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-grammar-politeness-formality.webp",1200,887,"A screenshot from Migaku's Korean Academy, showing the four main different speech levels in Korean",[10,1097,1098],{},"Basically, when conjugating the main verb of your sentence, you need to decide between:",[73,1100,1101,1108],{},[76,1102,1103,1104,1107],{},"Casual form (no added politeness) ",[113,1105,1106],{},"OR"," honorific form (intentionally polite)",[76,1109,1110,1111,1113],{},"Form for informal environments ",[113,1112,1106],{}," form for formal environments",[10,1115,1116,1117,52],{},"You can read a bit more about Korean speech levels in ",[23,1118,1120],{"href":1119},"\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Flearn-basic-korean-grammar#_6-in-korean-politeness-is-kind-of-like-a-verb-tense","our blog post on basic Korean grammar",[10,1122,1123],{},"Alternatively, if you dare.........",[1125,1126,1128,1131,1134],"accordion",{"heading":1127},"[Warning] Scary-looking table",[10,1129,1130],{},"The above graphic shows present-tense verb endings, but the same 4-way split actually exists for each tense.",[10,1132,1133],{},"Below is the table from the section on verb conjugation, but we've expanded it to show each speech level for each tense.",[235,1135,1136,1149],{},[238,1137,1138],{},[241,1139,1140,1142,1144,1147],{},[244,1141,928],{},[244,1143,935],{},[244,1145,1146],{},"먹다 (To eat)",[244,1148,949],{},[250,1150,1151,1163,1176,1192,1208,1224,1237,1253,1269,1285,1298,1314,1330,1346,1359,1375,1391],{},[241,1152,1153,1157,1159,1161],{},[255,1154,1155],{},[113,1156,958],{},[255,1158,961],{},[255,1160,964],{},[255,1162,967],{},[241,1164,1165,1170,1172,1174],{},[255,1166,1167],{},[113,1168,1169],{},"Present (informal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1171,961],{},[255,1173,979],{},[255,1175,982],{},[241,1177,1178,1183,1186,1189],{},[255,1179,1180],{},[113,1181,1182],{},"Present (formal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1184,1185],{},"간다",[255,1187,1188],{},"먹는다",[255,1190,1191],{},"한다",[241,1193,1194,1199,1202,1205],{},[255,1195,1196],{},[113,1197,1198],{},"Present (informal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1200,1201],{},"가요",[255,1203,1204],{},"먹어요",[255,1206,1207],{},"해요",[241,1209,1210,1215,1218,1221],{},[255,1211,1212],{},[113,1213,1214],{},"Present (formal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1216,1217],{},"갑니다",[255,1219,1220],{},"먹습니다",[255,1222,1223],{},"합니다",[241,1225,1226,1231,1233,1235],{},[255,1227,1228],{},[113,1229,1230],{},"Past (informal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1232,992],{},[255,1234,995],{},[255,1236,998],{},[241,1238,1239,1244,1247,1250],{},[255,1240,1241],{},[113,1242,1243],{},"Past (formal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1245,1246],{},"갔다",[255,1248,1249],{},"먹었다",[255,1251,1252],{},"했다",[241,1254,1255,1260,1263,1266],{},[255,1256,1257],{},[113,1258,1259],{},"Past (informal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1261,1262],{},"갔어요",[255,1264,1265],{},"먹었어요",[255,1267,1268],{},"했어요",[241,1270,1271,1276,1279,1282],{},[255,1272,1273],{},[113,1274,1275],{},"Past (formal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1277,1278],{},"갔습니다",[255,1280,1281],{},"먹었습니다",[255,1283,1284],{},"했습니다",[241,1286,1287,1292,1294,1296],{},[255,1288,1289],{},[113,1290,1291],{},"Future (informal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1293,1008],{},[255,1295,1011],{},[255,1297,1014],{},[241,1299,1300,1305,1308,1311],{},[255,1301,1302],{},[113,1303,1304],{},"Future (formal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1306,1307],{},"갈 거다",[255,1309,1310],{},"먹을 거다",[255,1312,1313],{},"할 거다",[241,1315,1316,1321,1324,1327],{},[255,1317,1318],{},[113,1319,1320],{},"Future (informal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1322,1323],{},"갈 거예요",[255,1325,1326],{},"먹을 거예요",[255,1328,1329],{},"할 거예요",[241,1331,1332,1337,1340,1343],{},[255,1333,1334],{},[113,1335,1336],{},"Future (formal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1338,1339],{},"갈 겁니다",[255,1341,1342],{},"먹을 겁니다",[255,1344,1345],{},"할 겁니다",[241,1347,1348,1353,1355,1357],{},[255,1349,1350],{},[113,1351,1352],{},"Imperative (informal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1354,961],{},[255,1356,979],{},[255,1358,982],{},[241,1360,1361,1366,1369,1372],{},[255,1362,1363],{},[113,1364,1365],{},"Imperative (formal\u002Fno politeness)",[255,1367,1368],{},"가라",[255,1370,1371],{},"먹어라",[255,1373,1374],{},"해라",[241,1376,1377,1382,1385,1388],{},[255,1378,1379],{},[113,1380,1381],{},"Imperative (informal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1383,1384],{},"가세요",[255,1386,1387],{},"먹으세요",[255,1389,1390],{},"하세요",[241,1392,1393,1398,1401,1404],{},[255,1394,1395],{},[113,1396,1397],{},"Imperative (formal\u002Fpolite)",[255,1399,1400],{},"가십시오",[255,1402,1403],{},"먹으십시오",[255,1405,1406],{},"하십시오",[10,1408,1409],{},"When in doubt, go with the -요 ending (polite, informal). It's one of the most commonly used speech levels and will pretty much always be OK, unless your'e talking with a super important person or are in an obviously formal setting.",[57,1411,1413],{"id":1412},"some-common-korean-verbs","Some common Korean verbs",[10,1415,1416],{},"If you want to learn Korean, you're going to have to memorize many verbs. Hundreds, if not thousands. That'll take awhile. For now, though, here are 25 common verbs for you to start with:",[235,1418,1419,1431],{},[238,1420,1421],{},[241,1422,1423,1426,1429],{},[244,1424,1425],{},"Korean (romanization)",[244,1427,1428],{},"Audio",[244,1430,154],{},[250,1432,1433,1446,1458,1471,1483,1494,1507,1519,1532,1545,1558,1571,1583,1596,1609,1622,1634,1647,1660,1673,1685,1698,1711,1724,1735],{},[241,1434,1435,1438,1443],{},[255,1436,1437],{},"하다 (hada)",[255,1439,1440],{},[197,1441],{"src":1442,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-하다.mp3",[255,1444,1445],{},"to do",[241,1447,1448,1450,1455],{},[255,1449,470],{},[255,1451,1452],{},[197,1453],{"src":1454,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-있다.mp3",[255,1456,1457],{},"to exist, to have",[241,1459,1460,1463,1468],{},[255,1461,1462],{},"되다 (toeda)",[255,1464,1465],{},[197,1466],{"src":1467,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-되다.mp3",[255,1469,1470],{},"to become",[241,1472,1473,1475,1480],{},[255,1474,478],{},[255,1476,1477],{},[197,1478],{"src":1479,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-없다.mp3",[255,1481,1482],{},"to not exist, to not have",[241,1484,1485,1487,1492],{},[255,1486,560],{},[255,1488,1489],{},[197,1490],{"src":1491,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아니다.mp3",[255,1493,563],{},[241,1495,1496,1499,1504],{},[255,1497,1498],{},"같다 (katda)",[255,1500,1501],{},[197,1502],{"src":1503,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-같다.mp3",[255,1505,1506],{},"to be similar, to be like",[241,1508,1509,1511,1516],{},[255,1510,289],{},[255,1512,1513],{},[197,1514],{"src":1515,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-말하다.mp3",[255,1517,1518],{},"to speak, to say",[241,1520,1521,1524,1529],{},[255,1522,1523],{},"위하다 (wihada)",[255,1525,1526],{},[197,1527],{"src":1528,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-위하다.mp3",[255,1530,1531],{},"to do for, to care for",[241,1533,1534,1537,1542],{},[255,1535,1536],{},"알다 (alda)",[255,1538,1539],{},[197,1540],{"src":1541,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-알다.mp3",[255,1543,1544],{},"to know",[241,1546,1547,1550,1555],{},[255,1548,1549],{},"그렇다 (keureota)",[255,1551,1552],{},[197,1553],{"src":1554,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-그렇다.mp3",[255,1556,1557],{},"to be like that",[241,1559,1560,1563,1568],{},[255,1561,1562],{},"많다 (manta)",[255,1564,1565],{},[197,1566],{"src":1567,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-많다.mp3",[255,1569,1570],{},"to be many, to be a lot",[241,1572,1573,1575,1580],{},[255,1574,387],{},[255,1576,1577],{},[197,1578],{"src":1579,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-좋다.mp3",[255,1581,1582],{},"to be good, to like",[241,1584,1585,1588,1593],{},[255,1586,1587],{},"받다 (patda)",[255,1589,1590],{},[197,1591],{"src":1592,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-받다.mp3",[255,1594,1595],{},"to receive",[241,1597,1598,1601,1606],{},[255,1599,1600],{},"나오다 (naoda)",[255,1602,1603],{},[197,1604],{"src":1605,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-나오다.mp3",[255,1607,1608],{},"to come out, to appear",[241,1610,1611,1614,1619],{},[255,1612,1613],{},"살다 (salda)",[255,1615,1616],{},[197,1617],{"src":1618,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-살다.mp3",[255,1620,1621],{},"to live",[241,1623,1624,1627,1632],{},[255,1625,1626],{},"생각하다 (saenggakada)",[255,1628,1629],{},[197,1630],{"src":1631,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-생각하다.mp3",[255,1633,628],{},[241,1635,1636,1639,1644],{},[255,1637,1638],{},"모르다 (moreuda)",[255,1640,1641],{},[197,1642],{"src":1643,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-모르다.mp3",[255,1645,1646],{},"to not know",[241,1648,1649,1652,1657],{},[255,1650,1651],{},"만들다 (mandeulda)",[255,1653,1654],{},[197,1655],{"src":1656,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-만들다.mp3",[255,1658,1659],{},"to make, to create",[241,1661,1662,1665,1670],{},[255,1663,1664],{},"통하다 (tonghada)",[255,1666,1667],{},[197,1668],{"src":1669,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-통하다.mp3",[255,1671,1672],{},"to go through, to communicate",[241,1674,1675,1677,1682],{},[255,1676,297],{},[255,1678,1679],{},[197,1680],{"src":1681,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-듣다.mp3",[255,1683,1684],{},"to listen, to hear",[241,1686,1687,1690,1695],{},[255,1688,1689],{},"싶다 (sipda)",[255,1691,1692],{},[197,1693],{"src":1694,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-싶다.mp3",[255,1696,1697],{},"to want (to do something)",[241,1699,1700,1703,1708],{},[255,1701,1702],{},"지나다 (chinada)",[255,1704,1705],{},[197,1706],{"src":1707,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-지나다.mp3",[255,1709,1710],{},"to pass (by), to go through",[241,1712,1713,1716,1721],{},[255,1714,1715],{},"주다 (chuda)",[255,1717,1718],{},[197,1719],{"src":1720,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-주다.mp3",[255,1722,1723],{},"to give",[241,1725,1726,1728,1733],{},[255,1727,273],{},[255,1729,1730],{},[197,1731],{"src":1732,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-_가다.mp3",[255,1734,276],{},[241,1736,1737,1740,1745],{},[255,1738,1739],{},"나타나다 (natanada)",[255,1741,1742],{},[197,1743],{"src":1744,":type":200},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-나타나다.mp3",[255,1746,1747],{},"to appear, to show up",[57,1749,1751],{"id":1750},"a-beginner-friendly-approach-to-learning-korean","A beginner-friendly approach to learning Korean ",[10,1753,1754],{},"Hey, friend.",[35,1756,1757],{},[10,1758,1759],{},"I just want to let you know that it's not just you.",[10,1761,1762,1763,52],{},"This stuff is complicated, and if it feels like I'm moving quickly or skipping over stuff—it's because ",[92,1764,1765],{},"I am",[10,1767,1768,1769,1772],{},"You see, Korean demands a lot out of its verbs. They do a lot of things and change in a lot of ways. There's just no way I can cover ",[92,1770,1771],{},"everything"," about verbs, verb conjugations, honorifics, and all of that in a format that you'll be able to make sense of while skimming.",[10,1774,1775],{},"Wanna know how I know that?",[10,1777,1778,1779,1782],{},"We made a Korean course, and it took us like seven lessons just to cover how verbs conjugate in the present tense. And that was just the ",[92,1780,1781],{},"regular"," ones, using the informal\u002Fnon-polite form. (Irregular verbs and polite\u002Fformal stuff comes later).",[10,1784,1785],{},"Like, check this out.",[766,1787],{"src":1788,"width":1789,"height":1790,"alt":1791},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-sound-change.jpeg",1300,908,"An excerpt from Migaku's Korean Academy, showing how we teach verb conjugations",[10,1793,1794,1795,1798],{},"Yeah. ",[92,1796,1797],{},"That's"," a lot of detail. It's nicely paced, though. Our lessons are broken down and spread out so that they're easy to follow. You're always learning something, but never overwhelmed.",[10,1800,1801],{},"The best part is that you don't have to memorize anything.",[10,1803,1804,1805,1809,1810,1813],{},"We condense everything we expect you to remember into nice-looking flashcards, and leverage ",[23,1806,1808],{"href":1807},"\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Fspaced-repetition-language-learning","a spaced-repetition algorithm"," tracks your performance in order to build a personalized review schedule for you. All you have to do is ",[92,1811,1812],{},"want"," it—be consistent and keep at the course—and Migaku Memory will handle the rest.",[766,1815],{"src":1816,"width":1817,"height":1818,"alt":1819},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-paste-tense.jpeg",1310,916,"An excerpt from Migaku's Korean Academy, showing how we teach the paste tense",[10,1821,1822],{},"If you're feeling overwhelmed by Korean verbs, or have been at this for awhile but don't feel like you're getting anywhere, give Migaku's Korean Academy a shot.",[10,1824,1825],{},"It's totally free for ten days, and that's enough time to get through the initial lessons explaining how verbs work. Your language learning life is either going to be changed... or it won't be, but at least you'll finally understand how Korean verbs work.",[1827,1828],"prose-button",{"href":1829,"text":1830},"\u002Flearn-Korean","Learn Korean with Migaku",[57,1832,1834],{"id":1833},"thats-everything-you-need-to-know-about-verbs-in-korean-but","That's everything you need to know about verbs in Korean, but...",[10,1836,1837,1838,1841],{},"This article was pretty technical, so I wanted to remind you not to get ",[92,1839,1840],{},"too"," hung up on the rules.",[10,1843,1844],{},"Here's a golden lesson about language learning:",[35,1846,1847],{},[10,1848,1849,1850,52],{},"The only thing you need to do to learn Korean is interact with it. If you consume Korean media, and understand the messages within that media, you will make progress. ",[92,1851,1852],{},"Period",[10,1854,1855],{},"Verbs are complex... but as you spend more time with Korean, they'll begin to make sense. You'll just hear, say, informal-polite past tense verbs often enough that you'll kind of remember the sound (~써). Then, the next time you skim a grammatical resource of some sort, it'll click. All the foundation your immersion has given you will support you and make learning easier.",[10,1857,1858],{},"So, good on you for learning about verbs!",[10,1860,1861],{},"But remember to have fun, too 💜",{"title":40,"searchDepth":1863,"depth":1863,"links":1864},2,[1865,1866,1867,1875,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885],{"id":59,"depth":1863,"text":60},{"id":98,"depth":1863,"text":99},{"id":203,"depth":1863,"text":204,"children":1868},[1869,1871,1872,1873,1874],{"id":226,"depth":1870,"text":227},3,{"id":335,"depth":1870,"text":336},{"id":449,"depth":1870,"text":450},{"id":523,"depth":1870,"text":524},{"id":566,"depth":1870,"text":567},{"id":729,"depth":1863,"text":730,"children":1876},[1877,1878,1879,1880],{"id":757,"depth":1870,"text":758},{"id":779,"depth":1870,"text":780},{"id":803,"depth":1870,"text":804},{"id":828,"depth":1870,"text":829},{"id":899,"depth":1863,"text":900},{"id":1082,"depth":1863,"text":1083},{"id":1412,"depth":1863,"text":1413},{"id":1750,"depth":1863,"text":1751},{"id":1833,"depth":1863,"text":1834},"A simple guide explaining how Korean verbs work. Covers conjugation, descriptive vs action verbs, and includes 50 examples of common Korean verbs.","md",{"timestampUnix":1889,"slug":1890,"h1":1891,"image":1892,"tags":1898},1738898125768,"korean-verbs-conjugation-guide","Korean Verbs Deep Dive (+list of verbs at bottom of page)",{"src":1893,"width":1894,"height":1895,"alt":1896,"position":1897},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-header.jpeg",3750,3000,"Several people running, jumping, dancing, and exercising—doing things,because Korean verbs are what you do!","top",[1899,1900],"fundamentals","verbs",true,"\u002Farticle\u002Fkorean\u002Fkorean-verbs","---\ntitle: '[Beginners] A Guide to Korean Verbs and Korean Verb Conjugation'\ndescription: 'A simple guide explaining how Korean verbs work. Covers conjugation, descriptive vs action verbs, and includes 50 examples of common Korean verbs.'\ntimestampUnix: 1738898125768\nslug: 'korean-verbs-conjugation-guide'\nh1: 'Korean Verbs Deep Dive (+list of verbs at bottom of page)'\nimage:\n  src: '\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-header.jpeg'\n  width: 3750\n  height: 3000\n  alt: 'Several people running, jumping, dancing, and exercising—doing things,because Korean verbs are what you do!'\n  position: top\ntags:\n  - fundamentals\n  - verbs\n---\n\nGood news:\n\nBy the time you finish this article, you're going to understand how Korean verbs work. From super basic stuff like what a verb is (we don't judge) to more difficult stuff like conjugation rules or the various forms of verbs—it's all here.\n\nWe've also included a big table of the 25 most useful Korean verbs for beginners. You can screenshot it and make it your phone's background... or something.\n\nThis isn't everything you need to know to [learn Korean](\u002Flearn-korean), of course, but it's a pretty solid start.\n\nAnyway, get ready for:\n\n\u003Ctoc>\u003C\u002Ftoc>\n\n> \u003CCenteredText bold underline>Forewarning\u003C\u002FCenteredText>\u003Cbr>\n>\n> This article assumes that you can already read Hangul. We'll include romanization and audio in most places, but if you're completely new to Korean, you might want to take a moment to check out our [guide to reading and pronouncing Hangul](\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Flearn-korean-hangul).\n\n---\n\n## The über important job that verbs do\n\nThere's one thing that's worth making clear before we dive into this:\n\n> The heart of any sentence is its verb.\n\nAs much Korean grammar as you might learn, it's basically doing the same thing: providing you a bit more information about the verb of the sentence it's used in. Grammar helps us specify things like:\n\n- Why the verb was done\n\n- Who did the verb\n\n- Who or what the verb was done to\n\n- When the verb was done\n\nSuffice it to say that if you want to speak Korean, or _any_ language, getting a handle on verbs is super important.\n\n## A crash course in Korean sentence structure\n\nWe won't go super far into this because we've got an entire separate blog post about [basic Korean grammar](\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Flearn-basic-korean-grammar), but, really fast, a sentence's fundamental building blocks consist of three things: subject, verb, and object.\n\n- **\u003Cu>S\u003C\u002Fu>ubject** — the doer of an action\n- **\u003Cu>V\u003C\u002Fu>erb** — the action itself\n- **\u003Cu>O\u003C\u002Fu>bject** — what receives the action\n\nI refer to these as being \"fundamental\" building blocks because [languages are actually categorized according to how they organize these things within a sentence](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSubject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order).\n\n- **English** is what's called a **subject-verb-object (SVO)** language because we tend to start sentences with a subject and a verb and go from there.\n- **Korean**, in contrast, is what's called a **subject-object-verb (SOV)** language—the main verb of Korean sentences goes at the very end of the sentence.\n\nWhile longer sentences get complicated, you can immediately see what this means for Korean word order if we look at a simple sentence. I've underlined the verbs in the below sentences (and bolded the objects) so you can see how English and Korean organize their sentences differently.\n\n- The teacher \u003Cu>reads\u003C\u002Fu> **a book**.\n- 선생님은 **책**을 \u003Cu>읽습니다\u003C\u002Fu>.  \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-선생님은 책을 읽습니다..mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n## The 4 categories of Korean verbs\n\nSo, I'm pretty sure you know what a verb is. You've seen Nike ads before. _It's what you do._\n\nWhat might be news to you is that, just as there are proper nouns (like Korea or Rap Monster) and common nouns (like kimchi or [hangover stew](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHaejang-guk)), there are actually different types of verbs, too.\n\nKorean recognizes four different categories of verbs, and roughly understanding what each one does will make your language learning life easier.\n\n### 1️⃣ Action verbs (AKA \"processive verbs\")\n\nLet's start with the easy one: action verbs are the concrete things you do. These verbs describe physical actions and activities that you can actually (usually) observe someone doing. Action verbs are probably what you think of when you think of verbs.\n\nSome common ones include:\n\n| Korean Verb (Romaji)  | English      |\n| --------------------- | ------------ |\n| 먹다 (meokda)         | to eat       |\n| 마시다 (masida)       | to drink     |\n| 가다 (kada)           | to go        |\n| 오다 (oda)            | to come      |\n| 말하다 (malhada)      | to speak     |\n| 듣다 (teutda)         | to listen    |\n| 보다 (poda)           | to see\u002Fwatch |\n| 자다 (chada)          | to sleep     |\n| 공부하다 (kongbuhada) | to study     |\n| 일하다 (ilhada)       | to work      |\n\n### 2️⃣ Descriptive verbs (AKA \"stative verbs\" or \"adjectives\")\n\nWhereas action verbs state what the subject of a sentence does, descriptive verbs state what the subject of a sentence _is_. Specifically, they say that the subject of the sentence is a quality, state, or condition... which is to say that they _describe_ the subject.\n\nWhile they're not quite the same thing, you won't run into any problems if you simplify things by saying that descriptive verbs are just adjectives.\n\nSome common Korean \"adjectives\" include:\n\n| Korean Verb            | English                    |\n| ---------------------- | -------------------------- |\n| 크다 (keuda)           | to be big                  |\n| 작다 (chakda)          | to be small                |\n| 좋다 (chota)           | to be good                 |\n| 나쁘다 (nappeuda)      | to be bad                  |\n| 맛있다 (masitda)       | to be delicious            |\n| 맛없다 (mateopda)      | to be tasteless\u002Fdisgusting |\n| 재미있다 (chaemiitda)  | to be interesting          |\n| 재미없다 (chaemieopda) | to be boring               |\n| 비싸다 (pissada)       | to be expensive            |\n| 싸다 (ssada)           | to be cheap                |\n\n### 3️⃣ Existential verbs\n\nExistential verbs, as the name implies, indicate the existence of something. Thankfully, there are only two of them:\n\n| Korean Verb  | English      |\n| ------------ | ------------ |\n| 있다 (itda)  | to exist     |\n| 없다 (eopda) | to not exist |\n\nThese verbs are used to say that somethings exists (there is...), but they're also used to say that something is at a certain location or that you have something.\n\nUsing \"there is\" to show possession might be a bit difficult to wrap your head around, so don't over think it. Just remember that if you say you _have_ something in English, you'll say that it _exists_ in Korean:\n\n- 아쉽게도 밀쿠티가 \u003Cu>없어요\u003C\u002Fu>. \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아쉽게도 밀쿠티가 없어요..mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> \u003Cbr> aswibgedo milkutiga \u003Cu>eobs-eoyo\u003C\u002Fu>. \u003Cbr> Unfortunately, (I) \u003Cu>don't have\u003C\u002Fu> any milk tea.\n\n### 4️⃣ Copulative verbs\n\n\"Copula\" is a fancy linguistic word that you can basically think of as being an equal sign: it says that A is B. [The most common English copula is \"to be\"](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FList_of_English_copulae).\n\nKorean has two copulas:\n\n| Korean Verb    | English   |\n| -------------- | --------- |\n| 이다 (ida)     | to be     |\n| 아니다 (anida) | to not be |\n\n### 💰 A bonus unofficial one\n\nThere are also special \"helper\" verbs, the most common of which is 하다 (hada), that you can combine with a noun to create a verb. These verbs technically fall into the category of either action verbs or descriptive verbs, but I've included them in a separate section because I think the pattern is worth highlighting.\n\n| Korean Noun       | English     | Korean 하다 Verb          | English                |\n| ----------------- | ----------- | ------------------------- | ---------------------- |\n| 공부 (kongbu)     | study       | 공부하다 (kongbuhada)     | to study               |\n| 준비 (chunbi)     | preparation | 준비하다 (chunbihada)     | to prepare             |\n| 생각 (saenggak)   | thought     | 생각하다 (saenggakhada)   | to think               |\n| 선택 (seontaek)   | choice      | 선택하다 (seontaekhada)   | to choose              |\n| 사랑 (sarang)     | love        | 사랑하다 (saranghada)     | to love                |\n| 설명 (seolmyeong) | explanation | 설명하다 (seolmyeonghada) | to explain             |\n| 결정 (kyeoljeong) | decision    | 결정하다 (kyeoljeonghada) | to decide              |\n| 걱정 (keokjeong)  | worry       | 걱정하다 (keokjeonghada)  | to worry               |\n| 사용 (sayong)     | use         | 사용하다 (sayonghada)     | to use                 |\n| 노력 (noryeok)    | effort      | 노력하다 (noryeokhada)    | to try \u002F put in effort |\n\n## The basics of Korean verb conjugation\n\nGood news and bad news here folks:\n\n- **Bad news** → You _can't_ just drop a verb into a sentence—you need to conjugate them in order to use them (which is to say that you need to change their form in a certain way)\n- **Good news** → Compared to English, Korean is very regular—once you understand how a conjugation pattern works, you'll be able to apply it without too much trouble\n\nIt'll take a bit of effort and memorization on your part to master Korean conjugation, and we don't have enough space in this blog post to cover it in detail, but here's the basics you need to know to get started:\n\n### 1️⃣ Take a Korean verb in dictionary form\n\nIf you go back to the above section and skim through the example verbs I gave you, you'll notice that they all end in -다 (da). The dictionary form of all Korean verbs ends in -다 (da).\n\nIf we break down the verb 만나다 (mannada, \"to meet\"), for example, we get this:\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-stem.webp\" width=\"1000\" height=\"550\" alt=\"A graphic that shows how Korean verbs come in two parts, a verb stem and a verb ending\" \u002F>\n\n> 💡 The dictionary form of every single Korean verb (and adjective) ends in -다 (da).\n\n### 2️⃣ Remove ~다 to get the verb stem\n\nThe verb stem is the base part of the verb, and it generally remains consistent no matter what kind of funny business is going on with the end of the verb.\n\nThankfully, you don't need to be a green thumb to handle Korean verb stems. All you have to do is take a verb and yoink ~다 from the end of it, as follows:\n\n- Take the verb 가다 (kada, \"to go\") → Yoink the \\~다 → get the stem 가\\~\n\n- Take the verb 먹다 (mogda, \"to eat\") → Yoink the \\~다 → get the stem 먹\\~\n\n- Take the verb 하다 (hada, \"to do\") → Yoink the \\~다 → get the stem 하\\~\n\nIf you know your Hangul, you'll notice that the stem 가 (ka) ends in a vowel whereas the stem 먹 (mog) ends with a consonant. This is very important. Most Korean verb endings (and particles, and grammar points in general) come in two shapes: one that gets used with syllable blocks that end in a consonant and another that gets used with syllable blocks that in a vowel.\n\n### 3️⃣ Add your verb ending or conjugation pattern\n\nVerb stems, like flower stems, are incomplete. You need to tack the petals on top before people can appreciate their nature as a flower or verb.\n\nWe'll give more concrete details about how verbs change down below, in the section on Korean verb tenses. For now, just know that:\n\n- Korean has _several_ different endings that can be used with verbs\n- Which ending you use depends on what you want to say\n- The Hangul that a verb stem ends with is important: most verb endings come in pairs, one for verb stems that end in a consonant and another for those that end in a vowel\n\n### ‼️ A note about Korean's irregular verbs\n\nKorean verbs are super regular, especially in comparison to their English counterparts. Nevertheless, there are seven types of Korean irregular verbs you'll need to keep an eye on:\n\n- Verb stem ends in...\n  - ㅅ\n  - ㄷ\n  - ㅂ\n  - 으\n  - 르\n  - ㄹ\n  - ㅎ\n\nLet's look at two -ㅂ irregular verbs to show what we mean by \"verb stem ends in...\":\n\n- 쉽다 (swibda, \"to be easy\") → remove -다 → get 쉽- → 쉽 ends in ㅂ → this is a ㅂ irregular\n\n- 어렵다 (eolyeobda, \"to be difficult\") → remove -다 → get 어렵- → 어렵 ends in ㅂ → this is a ㅂ irregular\n\nHow irregular verbs work is beyond the scope of this blog post _(read about them [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.koreanwikiproject.com\u002Fwiki\u002FCategory:Irregular_verbs), if you're interested)_, but you should know two things:\n\n1. They still follow the basic 3-part formula we introduced above\n\n2. They are \"regularly\" irregular, in that pretty much all of the verbs in each subset work the same way\n\n3. They will become second nature as you spend more time in Korean\n\n## The basics of Korean verb tenses\n\n> 🧩 Summarizing the above section, here's a basic formula for conjugating Korean verbs:\n\n1. Start with the dictionary form (verbs end in -다)\n2. Yeet 다 to get the verb stem\n3. Add your verb ending (this may require you to slightly modify the verb stem, too)\n\nWith this in mind, now look at the below table and see if you can work out any patterns:\n\n| Dictionary form   | [가다 (To go)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation) | [ 먹다 (To eat)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%EB%A8%B9%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation) | [하다 (To do)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation) |\n| ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| **Verb stem**     | 가                                                                            | 먹                                                                              | 하                                                                            |\n| **Present tense** | 가                                                                            | 먹어                                                                            | 해                                                                            |\n| **Past tense**    | 갔어                                                                          | 먹었어                                                                          | 했어                                                                          |\n| **Future tense**  | 갈 거야                                                                       | 먹을 거야                                                                       | 할 거야                                                                       |\n| **Imperative**    | 가                                                                            | 먹어                                                                            | 해                                                                            |\n\n하다 is an irregular verb, but if we omit that and focus on 먹다\u002F하다, we can see that:\n\n- The present tense ends in an -아 or 어 sound\n- The past tense ends in ~ㅆ어 sound\n- The future tense ends in ~ㄹ 거야 sound\n\nIt unfortunately gets more complex than that:\n\n- Each tense has a few variations for formality and politeness\n- There are two different past-tense forms and several different future tenses\n- There are verb endings for things we don't think of as being tenses in English, conveying things like \"if\" or \"because\"\n\nIt's beyond the scope of this blog post, but if you want to see _all_ of Korean's possible verb forms, check out the Wiktionary pages for [가다](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation), [먹다](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%EB%A8%B9%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation), and [하다](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4#Conjugation). _(Click on \"Show ▼\" at the far-right side of the grey \"Conjugation\" bar)._\n\n## The basics of Korean speech levels (banmal vs honorifics)\n\nIn the above section we commented that verbs in the Korean language conjugate in order to communicate information that we wouldn't think of as being the \"job\" of the verb in English.\n\nOne of the things Korean verbs do that English verbs don't do is specify the status of the speaker in relation to the person they are talking to and\u002For about. This is done by using specific verb endings:\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-grammar-politeness-formality.webp\" width=\"1200\" height=\"887\" alt=\"A screenshot from Migaku's Korean Academy, showing the four main different speech levels in Korean\" \u002F>\n\nBasically, when conjugating the main verb of your sentence, you need to decide between:\n\n- Casual form (no added politeness) **OR** honorific form (intentionally polite)\n- Form for informal environments **OR** form for formal environments\n\nYou can read a bit more about Korean speech levels in [our blog post on basic Korean grammar](\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Flearn-basic-korean-grammar#_6-in-korean-politeness-is-kind-of-like-a-verb-tense).\n\nAlternatively, if you dare.........\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"[Warning] Scary-looking table\">\n\nThe above graphic shows present-tense verb endings, but the same 4-way split actually exists for each tense.\n\nBelow is the table from the section on verb conjugation, but we've expanded it to show each speech level for each tense.\n\n| Dictionary form                         | 가다 (To go) | 먹다 (To eat) | 하다 (To do) |\n| --------------------------------------- | ------------ | ------------- | ------------ |\n| **Verb stem**                           | 가           | 먹            | 하           |\n| **Present (informal\u002Fno politeness)**    | 가           | 먹어          | 해           |\n| **Present (formal\u002Fno politeness)**      | 간다         | 먹는다        | 한다         |\n| **Present (informal\u002Fpolite)**           | 가요         | 먹어요        | 해요         |\n| **Present (formal\u002Fpolite)**             | 갑니다       | 먹습니다      | 합니다       |\n| **Past (informal\u002Fno politeness)**       | 갔어         | 먹었어        | 했어         |\n| **Past (formal\u002Fno politeness)**         | 갔다         | 먹었다        | 했다         |\n| **Past (informal\u002Fpolite)**              | 갔어요       | 먹었어요      | 했어요       |\n| **Past (formal\u002Fpolite)**                | 갔습니다     | 먹었습니다    | 했습니다     |\n| **Future (informal\u002Fno politeness)**     | 갈 거야      | 먹을 거야     | 할 거야      |\n| **Future (formal\u002Fno politeness)**       | 갈 거다      | 먹을 거다     | 할 거다      |\n| **Future (informal\u002Fpolite)**            | 갈 거예요    | 먹을 거예요   | 할 거예요    |\n| **Future (formal\u002Fpolite)**              | 갈 겁니다    | 먹을 겁니다   | 할 겁니다    |\n| **Imperative (informal\u002Fno politeness)** | 가           | 먹어          | 해           |\n| **Imperative (formal\u002Fno politeness)**   | 가라         | 먹어라        | 해라         |\n| **Imperative (informal\u002Fpolite)**        | 가세요       | 먹으세요      | 하세요       |\n| **Imperative (formal\u002Fpolite)**          | 가십시오     | 먹으십시오    | 하십시오     |\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\nWhen in doubt, go with the -요 ending (polite, informal). It's one of the most commonly used speech levels and will pretty much always be OK, unless your'e talking with a super important person or are in an obviously formal setting.\n\n## Some common Korean verbs\n\nIf you want to learn Korean, you're going to have to memorize many verbs. Hundreds, if not thousands. That'll take awhile. For now, though, here are 25 common verbs for you to start with:\n\n| Korean (romanization)  | Audio                                                                      | English                       |\n| ---------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |\n| 하다 (hada)            | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-하다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to do                         |\n| 있다 (itda)            | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-있다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to exist, to have             |\n| 되다 (toeda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-되다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to become                     |\n| 없다 (eopda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-없다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | to not exist, to not have     |\n| 아니다 (anida)         | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아니다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to not be                     |\n| 같다 (katda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-같다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to be similar, to be like     |\n| 말하다 (malhada)       | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-말하다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to speak, to say              |\n| 위하다 (wihada)        | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-위하다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to do for, to care for        |\n| 알다 (alda)            | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-알다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to know                       |\n| 그렇다 (keureota)      | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-그렇다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to be like that               |\n| 많다 (manta)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-많다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to be many, to be a lot       |\n| 좋다 (chota)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-좋다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to be good, to like           |\n| 받다 (patda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-받다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to receive                    |\n| 나오다 (naoda)         | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-나오다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to come out, to appear        |\n| 살다 (salda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-살다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to live                       |\n| 생각하다 (saenggakada) | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-생각하다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | to think                      |\n| 모르다 (moreuda)       | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-모르다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to not know                   |\n| 만들다 (mandeulda)     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-만들다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to make, to create            |\n| 통하다 (tonghada)      | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-통하다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to go through, to communicate |\n| 듣다 (teutda)          | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-듣다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to listen, to hear            |\n| 싶다 (sipda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-싶다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to want (to do something)     |\n| 지나다 (chinada)       | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-지나다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | to pass (by), to go through   |\n| 주다 (chuda)           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-주다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>     | to give                       |\n| 가다 (kada)            | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-_가다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>    | to go                         |\n| 나타나다 (natanada)    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-나타나다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | to appear, to show up         |\n\n## A beginner-friendly approach to learning Korean \n\nHey, friend.\n\n> I just want to let you know that it's not just you.\n\nThis stuff is complicated, and if it feels like I'm moving quickly or skipping over stuff—it's because _I am_.\n\nYou see, Korean demands a lot out of its verbs. They do a lot of things and change in a lot of ways. There's just no way I can cover _everything_ about verbs, verb conjugations, honorifics, and all of that in a format that you'll be able to make sense of while skimming.\n\nWanna know how I know that?\n\nWe made a Korean course, and it took us like seven lessons just to cover how verbs conjugate in the present tense. And that was just the _regular_ ones, using the informal\u002Fnon-polite form. (Irregular verbs and polite\u002Fformal stuff comes later).\n\nLike, check this out.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-sound-change.jpeg\" width=\"1300\" height=\"908\" alt=\"An excerpt from Migaku's Korean Academy, showing how we teach verb conjugations\" \u002F>\n\nYeah. _That's_ a lot of detail. It's nicely paced, though. Our lessons are broken down and spread out so that they're easy to follow. You're always learning something, but never overwhelmed.\n\nThe best part is that you don't have to memorize anything.\n\nWe condense everything we expect you to remember into nice-looking flashcards, and leverage [a spaced-repetition algorithm](\u002Fblog\u002Flanguage-fun\u002Fspaced-repetition-language-learning) tracks your performance in order to build a personalized review schedule for you. All you have to do is _want_ it—be consistent and keep at the course—and Migaku Memory will handle the rest.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-verbs-paste-tense.jpeg\" width=\"1310\" height=\"916\" alt=\"An excerpt from Migaku's Korean Academy, showing how we teach the paste tense\" \u002F>\n\nIf you're feeling overwhelmed by Korean verbs, or have been at this for awhile but don't feel like you're getting anywhere, give Migaku's Korean Academy a shot.\n\nIt's totally free for ten days, and that's enough time to get through the initial lessons explaining how verbs work. Your language learning life is either going to be changed... or it won't be, but at least you'll finally understand how Korean verbs work.\n\n\u003Cprose-button href=\"\u002Flearn-Korean\" text=\"Learn Korean with Migaku\">\u003C\u002Fprose-button>\n\n## That's everything you need to know about verbs in Korean, but...\n\nThis article was pretty technical, so I wanted to remind you not to get _too_ hung up on the rules.\n\nHere's a golden lesson about language learning:\n\n> The only thing you need to do to learn Korean is interact with it. If you consume Korean media, and understand the messages within that media, you will make progress. _Period_.\n\nVerbs are complex... but as you spend more time with Korean, they'll begin to make sense. You'll just hear, say, informal-polite past tense verbs often enough that you'll kind of remember the sound (~써). Then, the next time you skim a grammatical resource of some sort, it'll click. All the foundation your immersion has given you will support you and make learning easier.\n\nSo, good on you for learning about verbs!\n\nBut remember to have fun, too 💜\n",{"title":5,"description":1886},"article\u002Fkorean\u002Fkorean-verbs","mBxMhaPMMzloHxXsbsVKmqVdk-_7_qvd0OSxKx6omd4","February 7, 2025",{"approximate_member_count":1909},20252,null,[1912],{"id":4,"title":5,"body":1913,"description":1886,"extension":1887,"meta":3263,"navigation":1901,"path":1902,"rawbody":1903,"seo":3266,"stem":1905,"__hash__":1906,"timestampUnix":1889,"slug":1890,"h1":1891,"image":3264,"tags":3265},{"type":7,"value":1914,"toc":3241},[1915,1917,1919,1921,1925,1927,1929,1939,1941,1943,1945,1949,1951,1961,1965,1967,1971,1991,1996,2010,2012,2028,2030,2034,2039,2041,2043,2045,2047,2119,2121,2127,2129,2131,2203,2205,2207,2231,2233,2239,2255,2257,2262,2264,2288,2290,2292,2408,2410,2412,2424,2426,2428,2430,2432,2434,2438,2440,2442,2444,2452,2454,2456,2458,2460,2470,2472,2474,2494,2496,2502,2509,2517,2519,2523,2531,2533,2618,2620,2628,2630,2638,2653,2655,2657,2659,2661,2663,2673,2677,2679,2905,2907,2909,2911,3175,3177,3179,3183,3187,3191,3193,3197,3199,3201,3205,3207,3213,3215,3217,3219,3221,3223,3227,3229,3235,3237,3239],[10,1916,12],{},[10,1918,15],{},[10,1920,18],{},[10,1922,21,1923,27],{},[23,1924,26],{"href":25},[10,1926,30],{},[32,1928],{},[35,1930,1931,1933,1935],{},[38,1932,41],{"bold":40,"underline":40},[43,1934],{},[10,1936,47,1937,52],{},[23,1938,51],{"href":50},[54,1940],{},[57,1942,60],{"id":59},[10,1944,63],{},[35,1946,1947],{},[10,1948,68],{},[10,1950,71],{},[73,1952,1953,1955,1957,1959],{},[76,1954,78],{},[76,1956,81],{},[76,1958,84],{},[76,1960,87],{},[10,1962,90,1963,95],{},[92,1964,94],{},[57,1966,99],{"id":98},[10,1968,102,1969,107],{},[23,1970,106],{"href":105},[73,1972,1973,1979,1985],{},[76,1974,1975,120],{},[113,1976,1977,119],{},[116,1978,118],{},[76,1980,1981,129],{},[113,1982,1983,128],{},[116,1984,127],{},[76,1986,1987,138],{},[113,1988,1989,137],{},[116,1990,136],{},[10,1992,141,1993,52],{},[23,1994,147],{"href":144,"rel":1995},[146],[73,1997,1998,2004],{},[76,1999,2000,155,2002,159],{},[113,2001,154],{},[113,2003,158],{},[76,2005,2006,165,2008,169],{},[113,2007,164],{},[113,2009,168],{},[10,2011,172],{},[73,2013,2014,2020],{},[76,2015,177,2016,181,2018,52],{},[116,2017,180],{},[113,2019,184],{},[76,2021,187,2022,191,2024,195,2026],{},[113,2023,190],{},[116,2025,194],{},[197,2027],{"src":199,":type":200},[57,2029,204],{"id":203},[10,2031,207,2032],{},[92,2033,210],{},[10,2035,213,2036,219],{},[23,2037,218],{"href":216,"rel":2038},[146],[10,2040,222],{},[224,2042,227],{"id":226},[10,2044,230],{},[10,2046,233],{},[235,2048,2049,2057],{},[238,2050,2051],{},[241,2052,2053,2055],{},[244,2054,246],{},[244,2056,154],{},[250,2058,2059,2065,2071,2077,2083,2089,2095,2101,2107,2113],{},[241,2060,2061,2063],{},[255,2062,257],{},[255,2064,260],{},[241,2066,2067,2069],{},[255,2068,265],{},[255,2070,268],{},[241,2072,2073,2075],{},[255,2074,273],{},[255,2076,276],{},[241,2078,2079,2081],{},[255,2080,281],{},[255,2082,284],{},[241,2084,2085,2087],{},[255,2086,289],{},[255,2088,292],{},[241,2090,2091,2093],{},[255,2092,297],{},[255,2094,300],{},[241,2096,2097,2099],{},[255,2098,305],{},[255,2100,308],{},[241,2102,2103,2105],{},[255,2104,313],{},[255,2106,316],{},[241,2108,2109,2111],{},[255,2110,321],{},[255,2112,324],{},[241,2114,2115,2117],{},[255,2116,329],{},[255,2118,332],{},[224,2120,336],{"id":335},[10,2122,339,2123,343,2125,347],{},[92,2124,342],{},[92,2126,346],{},[10,2128,350],{},[10,2130,353],{},[235,2132,2133,2141],{},[238,2134,2135],{},[241,2136,2137,2139],{},[244,2138,362],{},[244,2140,154],{},[250,2142,2143,2149,2155,2161,2167,2173,2179,2185,2191,2197],{},[241,2144,2145,2147],{},[255,2146,371],{},[255,2148,374],{},[241,2150,2151,2153],{},[255,2152,379],{},[255,2154,382],{},[241,2156,2157,2159],{},[255,2158,387],{},[255,2160,390],{},[241,2162,2163,2165],{},[255,2164,395],{},[255,2166,398],{},[241,2168,2169,2171],{},[255,2170,403],{},[255,2172,406],{},[241,2174,2175,2177],{},[255,2176,411],{},[255,2178,414],{},[241,2180,2181,2183],{},[255,2182,419],{},[255,2184,422],{},[241,2186,2187,2189],{},[255,2188,427],{},[255,2190,430],{},[241,2192,2193,2195],{},[255,2194,435],{},[255,2196,438],{},[241,2198,2199,2201],{},[255,2200,443],{},[255,2202,446],{},[224,2204,450],{"id":449},[10,2206,453],{},[235,2208,2209,2217],{},[238,2210,2211],{},[241,2212,2213,2215],{},[244,2214,362],{},[244,2216,154],{},[250,2218,2219,2225],{},[241,2220,2221,2223],{},[255,2222,470],{},[255,2224,473],{},[241,2226,2227,2229],{},[255,2228,478],{},[255,2230,481],{},[10,2232,484],{},[10,2234,487,2235,491,2237,495],{},[92,2236,490],{},[92,2238,494],{},[73,2240,2241],{},[76,2242,500,2243,504,2245,181,2247,510,2249,504,2251,516,2253,520],{},[116,2244,503],{},[197,2246],{"src":507,":type":200},[43,2248],{},[116,2250,513],{},[43,2252],{},[116,2254,519],{},[224,2256,524],{"id":523},[10,2258,527,2259,52],{},[23,2260,532],{"href":530,"rel":2261},[146],[10,2263,535],{},[235,2265,2266,2274],{},[238,2267,2268],{},[241,2269,2270,2272],{},[244,2271,362],{},[244,2273,154],{},[250,2275,2276,2282],{},[241,2277,2278,2280],{},[255,2279,552],{},[255,2281,555],{},[241,2283,2284,2286],{},[255,2285,560],{},[255,2287,563],{},[224,2289,567],{"id":566},[10,2291,5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