[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-article-local-learn-korean-hangul":3,"$fHZsWYl_LcdVZ5GxKwtR-ZqvCZbbUdo2_Fi6R_GQKiQM":2299,"blog-article-cms-learn-korean-hangul":2301,"article-hreflang-learn-korean-hangul":2302,"blog-article-related-learn-korean-hangul":3920},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":2279,"extension":2280,"meta":2281,"navigation":2292,"path":2293,"rawbody":2294,"seo":2295,"stem":2296,"__hash__":2297,"timestampUnix":2282,"slug":2283,"h1":2284,"image":2285,"tags":2290,"timestamp":2298,"locale":-1},"content\u002Farticle\u002Fkorean\u002Fkorean-hangul.md","Learn Hangul: A Guide to the Korean Alphabet (With Audio!)",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2253},"minimark",[9,19,26,29,32,35,43,46,49,62,67,73,76,163,166,179,187,202,206,213,225,231,234,241,249,253,256,265,270,281,284,294,297,316,319,322,324,328,331,334,342,363,367,370,378,664,675,679,682,702,983,987,990,993,1013,1017,1020,1052,1055,1393,1474,1478,1485,1531,1538,1560,1563,1571,1574,1707,1712,1716,1719,1722,1753,1756,1770,1773,1805,1926,1929,1942,1944,1948,1951,1962,1966,1969,1972,1976,1979,2022,2026,2029,2040,2046,2049,2054,2063,2069,2080,2084,2091,2094,2103,2112,2121,2130,2139,2148,2157,2166,2175,2184,2188,2191,2194,2200,2203,2217,2220,2223,2226,2230,2233,2235,2239,2242,2247,2250],[10,11,12,13,18],"p",{},"If you want to ",[14,15,17],"a",{"href":16},"\u002Flearn-korean","learn Korean",", the first step is to learn the Korean alphabet, also known as Hangul. (Duh.) While the Korean language itself is difficult to learn, Hangul was actually intentionally designed to be logical and easy to learn. Folks with their eyes on Japanese or Mandarin will need to learn thousands of unique characters in order to read, but you, my friend? You're looking at twenty-four letters\u002Fsymbols.",[10,20,21,25],{},[22,23,24],"em",{},"Nice",".",[10,27,28],{},"In this blog post, we'll get into everything you need to know to read and write Korean:",[30,31],"toc",{},[33,34],"hr",{},[36,37,39,40],"h2",{"id":38},"background-info-history-of-hangul-how-the-korean-alphabet-works-andthe-catch","Background info: history of Hangul, how the Korean alphabet works, and ",[22,41,42],{},"the catch",[10,44,45],{},"Most of this blog post is going to consist of tables and audio recordings, but that information alone won't actually enable you to write anything in Korean.",[10,47,48],{},"Here are three things you should know if you're serious about learning Hangul:",[50,51,52,56,59],"ol",{},[53,54,55],"li",{},"Chinese had a huge influence on Korean vocabulary, but Korean uses Hangul, not Chinese characters",[53,57,58],{},"Hangul, Korean's alphabet, works by being combined into blocks",[53,60,61],{},"Most Korean consonants can be pronounced in a couple different ways, depending on where they appear in a word",[63,64,66],"h3",{"id":65},"_1-hanguls-origin-story-or-why-king-sejong-wanted-to-get-rid-of-chinese-characters","1. Hangul's origin story, or why King Sejong wanted to get rid of Chinese Characters",[10,68,69,70],{},"Writing systems don't just appear out of nowhere: at some point, somebody somewhere has to stop and go, ",[22,71,72],{},"\"Gosh, it would be great if we had a physical record of this stuff so I didn't have to memorize it.\"",[10,74,75],{},"Hangul is no exception. In a sense, it was 2,400 years in the making.",[77,78,80],"accordion",{"heading":79},"2,400 years of Korean writing in ~200 words",[81,82,83,90,106,129,141,153],"ul",{},[53,84,85,89],{},[86,87,88],"strong",{},"No writing system"," — before 400 AD — Way back when, Korean was a purely oral language.",[53,91,92,100,101,25],{},[86,93,94],{},[14,95,99],{"href":96,"rel":97},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHanja",[98],"nofollow","Chinese characters (hanja)"," — ~400 AD (?) — China exerted massive influence on every culture in the region, and many Korean officials were bilingual: they would speak Korean, but write in literary Chinese. While Chinese influence can be found in Korea as far back as 300 BC, the earliest \"official\" instance of Chinese writing used in Korea dates is ",[14,102,105],{"href":103,"rel":104},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGwanggaeto_Stele",[98],"the Gwanggaeto Stole from 414 AD",[53,107,108,111,112,117,118,123,124,25],{},[86,109,110],{},"Early Korean writing systems"," — ~late 600s — Chinese characters were difficult to learn and didn't fit Korean's pronunciation at all. Several attempts were made to better adapt them to Korean, such as ",[14,113,116],{"href":114,"rel":115},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIdu_script",[98],"Idu (吏讀)",", ",[14,119,122],{"href":120,"rel":121},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHyangchal",[98],"Hyangchal (鄕札)",", and ",[14,125,128],{"href":126,"rel":127},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGugyeol",[98],"Gugyeol (口訣)",[53,130,131,134,135,140],{},[86,132,133],{},"Hangul"," — ",[14,136,139],{"href":137,"rel":138},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHunminjeongeum_Haerye",[98],"~1446"," — Saddened by the fact that that ordinary people were unable to write, King Sejong created a new writing system that was easy to learn and suitable for the sounds that existed in Korean. The alphabet was brilliant, but caught on very slowly.",[53,142,143,146,147,152],{},[86,144,145],{},"Mixed script"," —  ~1446 — For a long time, Korean writing used ",[14,148,151],{"href":149,"rel":150},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabo_Reform",[98],"a mix of both hanja and Hangul",": hanja to show what words meant, and Hangul to show the grammatical relationships between them.",[53,154,155,158,159,25],{},[86,156,157],{},"Hangul, for real"," — 1894 — Hangul was not considered to be Korea's official alphabet until ",[14,160,162],{"href":149,"rel":161},[98],"the Gabo reform in ~1894",[10,164,165],{},"I'll skip the history lesson (expand the above box if you want it), but there are two things you should know:",[50,167,168,176],{},[53,169,170,171,25],{},"Korean was written with Chinese characters for longer than it has been written in Hangul; in fact, ",[14,172,175],{"href":173,"rel":174},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSino-Korean_vocabulary",[98],"as much as 70% of Korean vocabulary comes from Chinese languages",[53,177,178],{},"Chinese characters just couldn't represent Korean sounds and were such a headache to learn that \"normal\" people were effectively barred from writing.",[10,180,181,182,186],{},"With this in mind, when King Sejong introduced Hangul in 1446, ",[14,183,185],{"href":137,"rel":184},[98],"he said",":",[188,189,190],"blockquote",{},[10,191,192,193,196,198,199],{},"國之語音。異乎中國。與文字不相流通。故愚民。有所欲言而終不得伸其情者。多矣。予。爲此憫然。新制二十八字。欲使人人易習。便於日用矣。",[194,195],"br",{},[194,197],{}," ",[22,200,201],{},"Because the speech of this country is different from that of China, it [the spoken language] does not match the [Chinese] letters. Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the end cannot state their concerns. Saddened by this, I have [had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convenient for daily use.",[63,203,205],{"id":204},"_2-how-hangul-work-or-how-24-symbols-make-11172-unique-sounds","2. How Hangul work, or how 24 symbols make 11,172 unique sounds",[10,207,208,209,212],{},"While Hangul is commonly called the Korean alphabet, it's technically what's called a ",[22,210,211],{},"syllabic"," alphabet (or something along those lines; there's debate).",[81,214,215,218],{},[53,216,217],{},"Alphabets, such as the English alphabet, work by lining up one character after another",[53,219,220,221,224],{},"Korean's \"alphabet\" works by first grouping characters up into blocks (syllables), and ",[22,222,223],{},"then"," lining those blocks up",[10,226,227,228,230],{},"For example, in English, we write ",[22,229,133],{}," like this: h→a→n→g→u→l.",[10,232,233],{},"But in Korean, instead of lining Hangul up one after the other, they combine them into blocks like this:",[235,236],"img",{"src":237,"width":238,"height":239,"alt":240},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-hangul-block.webp",1200,724,"An image showing how Hangul characters get combined to form syllable bloks",[10,242,243,244,25],{},"And this makes the Korean alphabet incredibly flexible: The 24 Hangul can be combined to make ",[14,245,248],{"href":246,"rel":247},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables#Hangul_syllables",[98],"11,172 different syllable blocks",[63,250,252],{"id":251},"_3-the-hardest-part-the-korean-writing-system","3. The hardest part the Korean writing system",[10,254,255],{},"You're going to feel pretty awesome when you finish this article: the ability to make 11,172 different syllable blocks is a massive return on your investment of learning 24 just Hangul letters.",[10,257,258,259,264],{},"... and then you're going to go boot up your favorite k-pop song (",[14,260,263],{"href":261,"rel":262},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=p8npDG2ulKQ",[98],"here's mine",") and feel puzzled: many things that come out of the singer's mouth seemingly won't match what is written in Hangul on the screen.",[10,266,267,268,25],{},"This is ",[22,269,42],{},[188,271,272],{},[10,273,274,275,280],{},"Korean has a lot of ",[14,276,279],{"href":277,"rel":278},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikibooks.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKorean\u002FEssential_Pronunciation_Rules",[98],"sound change rules",": the pronunciation of many Hangul letters will change depending on the letter that come before or after it.",[10,282,283],{},"Now, before you panic, do me a favor and listen to this audio clip:",[81,285,286],{},[53,287,288,289],{},"Better ",[290,291],"custom-audio",{"src":292,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fen-better.mp3","3",[10,295,296],{},"Did you hear that?",[81,298,299,306],{},[53,300,301,302,305],{},"Better is ",[22,303,304],{},"written"," with \"tt\"",[53,307,308,309,312,313],{},"That \"tt\" is ",[22,310,311],{},"spoken"," as if it was actually \"dd\": ",[22,314,315],{},"bedder",[10,317,318],{},"When speaking quickly, Americans tend to pronounce \"t\" as \"d\" simply because it rolls off the tongue better. If you say \"better\" really fast several times in a row, your tongue will eventually get \"lazy\" and start saying \"bedder\" instead.",[10,320,321],{},"Korean's sound changes are the same sort of deal: small adjustments to the way a sound is made in order to make it easier to pronounce. Hangul sound changes will be annoying at first, but try not to worry about it. They'll become second nature before long.",[33,323],{},[36,325,327],{"id":326},"korean-vowels","Korean Vowels",[10,329,330],{},"Korean has some tricky consonants, so we're going to start off with the vowels.",[10,332,333],{},"Korean has:",[81,335,336,339],{},[53,337,338],{},"10 basic vowels: ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅓ, ㅕ, ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ, ㅡ, ㅣ",[53,340,341],{},"11 complex vowels: ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅙ, ㅟ, and ㅢ",[188,343,344,349,350,352,354,355,358,359,362],{},[345,346,348],"centered-text",{"bold":347,"underline":347},"","\n Important note\n","\n \n",[194,351],{},[194,353],{},"\n\n\nAccording to Korean spelling rules, it's illegal to write a vowel by itself. \n",[22,356,357],{},"(You'll go straight to jail","\n 🤠 \n",[22,360,361],{},")","\n For this reason, you'll pretty much always see Hangul vowels paired with ㅇ, a Korean consonant that is silent when it appears in the very beginning of a syllable. Korean vowels get lonely easily, so don't leave them alone!\n",[63,364,366],{"id":365},"korean-basic-vowels","Korean basic vowels",[10,368,369],{},"Here's how to write the ten basic Korean vowels. Notice that:",[81,371,372,375],{},[53,373,374],{},"Some vowels, such as 아, have a left and right side",[53,376,377],{},"Other vowels, such as 오, have a top and bottom part",[379,380,381,407],"table",{},[382,383,384],"thead",{},[385,386,387,391,394,401,404],"tr",{},[388,389,390],"th",{},"KR",[388,392,393],{},"EN",[388,395,396],{},[14,397,400],{"href":398,"rel":399},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInternational_Phonetic_Alphabet",[98],"IPA",[388,402,403],{},"Audio",[388,405,406],{},"Notes",[408,409,410,439,465,490,515,539,562,586,610,634],"tbody",{},[385,411,412,416,418,424,429],{},[413,414,415],"td",{},"아",[413,417,14],{},[413,419,420],{},[421,422,14],"span",{"style":423},"font-feature-settings: 'cv11' off;",[413,425,426],{},[290,427],{"src":428,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아.mp3",[413,430,431,432],{},"Like the AHH sound in ",[22,433,434,435,438],{},"f",[436,437,14],"u",{},"ther",[385,440,441,444,447,452,457],{},[413,442,443],{},"야",[413,445,446],{},"ya",[413,448,449],{},[421,450,451],{"style":423},"ja",[413,453,454],{},[290,455],{"src":456,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-야.mp3",[413,458,459,460],{},"Like the YAH sound in ",[22,461,462,464],{},[436,463,446],{},"cht",[385,466,467,470,473,476,481],{},[413,468,469],{},"어",[413,471,472],{},"eo",[413,474,475],{},"ʌ",[413,477,478],{},[290,479],{"src":480,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-어.mp3",[413,482,483,484],{},"Like the AW sound in ",[22,485,388,486,489],{},[436,487,488],{},"ough","t",[385,491,492,495,498,501,506],{},[413,493,494],{},"여",[413,496,497],{},"yeo",[413,499,500],{},"jʌ",[413,502,503],{},[290,504],{"src":505,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-여.mp3",[413,507,508,509],{},"Like the YAW sound in ",[22,510,511,514],{},[436,512,513],{},"y'a","ll",[385,516,517,520,523,525,530],{},[413,518,519],{},"이",[413,521,522],{},"i",[413,524,522],{},[413,526,527],{},[290,528],{"src":529,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-이.mp3",[413,531,532,533],{},"Like the EE sound in ",[22,534,535,536],{},"k",[436,537,538],{},"ey",[385,540,541,544,547,549,554],{},[413,542,543],{},"오",[413,545,546],{},"o",[413,548,546],{},[413,550,551],{},[290,552],{"src":553,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-오.mp3",[413,555,556,557],{},"†Like the OH sound in ",[22,558,559,560],{},"n",[436,561,546],{},[385,563,564,567,570,573,578],{},[413,565,566],{},"요",[413,568,569],{},"yo",[413,571,572],{},"jo",[413,574,575],{},[290,576],{"src":577,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-요.mp3",[413,579,580,581],{},"†Like the YO sound n ",[22,582,583,585],{},[436,584,569],{},"del",[385,587,588,591,593,595,600],{},[413,589,590],{},"우",[413,592,436],{},[413,594,436],{},[413,596,597],{},[290,598],{"src":599,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-우.mp3",[413,601,602,603],{},"Like the OO sound in ",[22,604,605,606,609],{},"g",[436,607,608],{},"oo","se",[385,611,612,615,618,621,626],{},[413,613,614],{},"유",[413,616,617],{},"yu",[413,619,620],{},"ju",[413,622,623],{},[290,624],{"src":625,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-유.mp3",[413,627,628,629],{},"Like the YU sound in ",[22,630,631,633],{},[436,632,436],{},"niverse",[385,635,636,639,642,645,650],{},[413,637,638],{},"으",[413,640,641],{},"eu",[413,643,644],{},"ɯ",[413,646,647],{},[290,648],{"src":649,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-으.mp3",[413,651,652,653,657,658,660,661,663],{},"Say OO (as in ",[22,654,605,655,609],{},[436,656,608],{},") in front of a mirror;",[194,659],{}," notice how your lips are sticking out? Relax them completely. ",[194,662],{}," 으 sounds kind of like the soud you make when you get hit in the stomach.",[10,665,666,667,670,671,674],{},"† ",[86,668,669],{},"Korean pronunciation note",": English's \"oh\" sound is actually a combination of two vowels. Go stand in front of a mirror and say \"no\" very, very slowly. Notice how, halfway through the sound, your lips change shape? That's because you're transitioning from the \u002Fo\u002F vowel to the \u002Fʊ\u002F vowel. Korean 오 has ",[22,672,673],{},"only"," this initial \u002Fo\u002F sound; when you say 오, it should be constant—there's no movement in your lips, mouth, or jaw.",[63,676,678],{"id":677},"korean-complex-vowels","Korean complex vowels",[10,680,681],{},"Here's how to read and write Korean's \"complex\" vowels. While I'll try to give rough English approximations of each sound, you might find it easier to instead think of these sounds as being combinations of basic vowels, just like Koreans do:",[81,683,684],{},[53,685,686,687],{},"To pronounce 와\n",[81,688,689,692,695],{},[53,690,691],{},"Start out with your lips\u002Fmouth in position to say 오",[53,693,694],{},"Start saying 오",[53,696,697,698,701],{},"Very quickly transition to 아, yielding one \"smooth\" ",[22,699,700],{},"wahh"," sound",[379,703,704,721],{},[382,705,706],{},[385,707,708,710,712,717,719],{},[388,709,390],{},[388,711,393],{},[388,713,714],{},[14,715,400],{"href":398,"rel":716},[98],[388,718,403],{},[388,720,406],{},[408,722,723,748,773,790,808,834,857,882,905,933,957],{},[385,724,725,728,731,734,739],{},[413,726,727],{},"애",[413,729,730],{},"ae",[413,732,733],{},"ɛ",[413,735,736],{},[290,737],{"src":738,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-애.mp3",[413,740,741,742],{},"Like the EHH sound in ",[22,743,744,747],{},[436,745,746],{},"e","ver",[385,749,750,753,756,759,764],{},[413,751,752],{},"얘",[413,754,755],{},"yae",[413,757,758],{},"jɛ",[413,760,761],{},[290,762],{"src":763,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-얘.mp3",[413,765,766,767],{},"Like the YEH sound in ",[22,768,769,772],{},[436,770,771],{},"ye","s",[385,774,775,778,780,782,787],{},[413,776,777],{},"에",[413,779,746],{},[413,781,746],{},[413,783,784],{},[290,785],{"src":786,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-에.mp3",[413,788,789],{},"Nowadays, pronounced exactly like 애",[385,791,792,795,797,800,805],{},[413,793,794],{},"예",[413,796,771],{},[413,798,799],{},"je",[413,801,802],{},[290,803],{"src":804,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-예.mp3",[413,806,807],{},"Nowadays, pronounced exactly like 예",[385,809,810,813,816,821,826],{},[413,811,812],{},"와",[413,814,815],{},"wa",[413,817,818,819],{},"w",[421,820,14],{"style":423},[413,822,823],{},[290,824],{"src":825,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-와.mp3",[413,827,828,829],{},"Like the WAH sound in ",[22,830,831,833],{},[436,832,815],{},"ddle",[385,835,836,839,842,845,850],{},[413,837,838],{},"왜",[413,840,841],{},"wae",[413,843,844],{},"wɛ",[413,846,847],{},[290,848],{"src":849,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-왜.mp3",[413,851,852,853,856],{},"Like the word ",[22,854,855],{},"way",", sort of",[385,858,859,862,865,868,873],{},[413,860,861],{},"외",[413,863,864],{},"oe",[413,866,867],{},"we",[413,869,870],{},[290,871],{"src":872,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-외.mp3",[413,874,875,876,856],{},"Like the WEHH sound in ",[22,877,878,881],{},[436,879,880],{},"wea","lth",[385,883,884,887,890,893,898],{},[413,885,886],{},"워",[413,888,889],{},"wo\u002Fweo",[413,891,892],{},"wʌ",[413,894,895],{},[290,896],{"src":897,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-워.mp3",[413,899,483,900],{},[22,901,902,904],{},[436,903,815],{},"nder",[385,906,907,910,912,914,919],{},[413,908,909],{},"웨",[413,911,867],{},[413,913,867],{},[413,915,916],{},[290,917],{"src":918,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-웨.mp3",[413,920,921,922,117,926,928,929],{},"Start with your lips puckered out, as in the OO of ",[22,923,605,924,609],{},[436,925,608],{},[194,927],{}," then quickly transition to the EHH of ",[22,930,931,747],{},[436,932,746],{},[385,934,935,938,941,943,948],{},[413,936,937],{},"위",[413,939,940],{},"wi",[413,942,940],{},[413,944,945],{},[290,946],{"src":947,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-위.mp3",[413,949,950,951,856],{},"Like the OO-WY sound in ",[22,952,953,954],{},"ch",[436,955,956],{},"ewy",[385,958,959,962,965,968,973],{},[413,960,961],{},"의",[413,963,964],{},"ui",[413,966,967],{},"ɰi",[413,969,970],{},[290,971],{"src":972,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-의.mp3",[413,974,975,976,978,979],{},"Make that \"punched in the stomach\" sound discussed above,",[194,977],{}," then quickly transition to the EE sound in ",[22,980,535,981],{},[436,982,538],{},[36,984,986],{"id":985},"korean-consonants","Korean consonants",[10,988,989],{},"Korean has 10 \"basic\" consonants (called \"plain\" consonants), but several of those characters have a few different forms.",[10,991,992],{},"As such, we'll break Korean consonants into three categories:",[81,994,995,1001,1007],{},[53,996,997,1000],{},[86,998,999],{},"10 plain consonants",": ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅎ",[53,1002,1003,1006],{},[86,1004,1005],{},"4 aspirated consonants",": ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ",[53,1008,1009,1012],{},[86,1010,1011],{},"5 tense consonants",": ㄲ, ㅆ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ",[63,1014,1016],{"id":1015},"korean-plain-consonants","Korean plain consonants",[10,1018,1019],{},"Hangul consonants are kind of tricky because many of them change slightly depending on where they appear in a word. Explaining all of Korean's sound changes is beyond the scope of this post, but I have included three audio recordings for each sound so that you can hear how it's pronunciation changes from position to position:",[81,1021,1022,1032,1042],{},[53,1023,1024,1027,1028,1031],{},[86,1025,1026],{},"Word-initial audio",": When the consonant begins a syllable, as in ",[22,1029,1030],{},"ka"," (가)",[53,1033,1034,1037,1038,1041],{},[86,1035,1036],{},"Word-middle audio",": When the consonant is sandwiched between two vowels, as in ",[22,1039,1040],{},"aka"," (아가)",[53,1043,1044,1047,1048,1051],{},[86,1045,1046],{},"Word-final audio",": When the consonant ends a syllable, as in ",[22,1049,1050],{},"ak"," (악)",[10,1053,1054],{},"Some consonants also undergo a sound shift if certain letters come before or after them, and we'll cover the main situations where that happens in the next two sections.",[379,1056,1057,1091],{},[382,1058,1059],{},[385,1060,1061,1063,1065,1074,1079,1084,1089],{},[388,1062,390],{},[388,1064,393],{},[388,1066,1067,1070,1071,1073],{},[14,1068,400],{"href":398,"rel":1069},[98]," ",[194,1072],{}," (syllable initial\u002Fword middle\u002Fsyllable end)",[388,1075,403,1076,1078],{},[194,1077],{}," (syllable initial)",[388,1080,403,1081,1083],{},[194,1082],{}," (word middle)",[388,1085,403,1086,1088],{},[194,1087],{}," (syllable end)",[388,1090,406],{},[408,1092,1093,1123,1150,1179,1209,1237,1266,1293,1326,1355],{},[385,1094,1095,1098,1101,1104,1109,1114,1120],{},[413,1096,1097],{},"ㄱ",[413,1099,1100],{},"k\u002Fg",[413,1102,1103],{},"k, g, k̚",[413,1105,1106],{},[290,1107],{"src":1108,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-가.mp3",[413,1110,1111],{},[290,1112],{"src":1113,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아가.mp3",[413,1115,1116,1119],{},[290,1117],{"src":1118,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-악.mp3"," †",[413,1121,1122],{},"The same K\u002FG as in English",[385,1124,1125,1128,1130,1132,1137,1142,1147],{},[413,1126,1127],{},"ㄴ",[413,1129,559],{},[413,1131,559],{},[413,1133,1134],{},[290,1135],{"src":1136,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-나.mp3",[413,1138,1139],{},[290,1140],{"src":1141,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아나.mp3",[413,1143,1144],{},[290,1145],{"src":1146,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-안.mp3",[413,1148,1149],{},"The same N sound that your'e used to from English",[385,1151,1152,1155,1158,1161,1166,1171,1176],{},[413,1153,1154],{},"ㄷ",[413,1156,1157],{},"t\u002Fd",[413,1159,1160],{},"t, d, t̚",[413,1162,1163],{},[290,1164],{"src":1165,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-다.mp3",[413,1167,1168],{},[290,1169],{"src":1170,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아다.mp3",[413,1172,1173,1119],{},[290,1174],{"src":1175,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앋.mp3",[413,1177,1178],{},"The same T\u002FD as in English",[385,1180,1181,1184,1187,1190,1195,1201,1206],{},[413,1182,1183],{},"ㄹ",[413,1185,1186],{},"r\u002Fl",[413,1188,1189],{},"ɾ~l",[413,1191,1192],{},[290,1193],{"src":1194,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-라.mp3",[413,1196,1197,1200],{},[290,1198],{"src":1199,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아라.mp3"," ‡",[413,1202,1203],{},[290,1204],{"src":1205,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-_알.mp3",[413,1207,1208],{},"See pronunciation note ‡ below",[385,1210,1211,1214,1217,1219,1224,1229,1234],{},[413,1212,1213],{},"ㅁ",[413,1215,1216],{},"m",[413,1218,1216],{},[413,1220,1221],{},[290,1222],{"src":1223,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-마.mp3",[413,1225,1226],{},[290,1227],{"src":1228,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아마.mp3",[413,1230,1231],{},[290,1232],{"src":1233,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-암.mp3",[413,1235,1236],{},"Nothing special here, just the same M you know and love",[385,1238,1239,1242,1245,1248,1253,1258,1263],{},[413,1240,1241],{},"ㅂ",[413,1243,1244],{},"p\u002Fb",[413,1246,1247],{},"p, b, p̚",[413,1249,1250],{},[290,1251],{"src":1252,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바2.mp3",[413,1254,1255],{},[290,1256],{"src":1257,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아바.mp3",[413,1259,1260,1119],{},[290,1261],{"src":1262,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-압.mp3",[413,1264,1265],{},"The same P\u002FB sound as in English",[385,1267,1268,1271,1273,1275,1280,1285,1290],{},[413,1269,1270],{},"ㅅ",[413,1272,772],{},[413,1274,772],{},[413,1276,1277],{},[290,1278],{"src":1279,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-사.mp3",[413,1281,1282],{},[290,1283],{"src":1284,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아사.mp3",[413,1286,1287,1119],{},[290,1288],{"src":1289,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앗.mp3",[413,1291,1292],{},"The same S as in English, but a bit more \"breathy\"",[385,1294,1295,1298,1301,1304,1307,1312,1317],{},[413,1296,1297],{},"ㅇ",[413,1299,1300],{},"ng",[413,1302,1303],{},"N\u002FA, ŋ",[413,1305,1306],{},"see note →",[413,1308,1309],{},[290,1310],{"src":1311,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앙아.mp3",[413,1313,1314],{},[290,1315],{"src":1316,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앙.mp3",[413,1318,1319,1320,1322,1323],{},"ㅇ is silent at the end of a syllable, ",[194,1321],{}," otherwise it sounds like the NG in ",[22,1324,1325],{},"king",[385,1327,1328,1331,1334,1337,1342,1347,1352],{},[413,1329,1330],{},"ㅈ",[413,1332,1333],{},"ch\u002Fj",[413,1335,1336],{},"t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t̚",[413,1338,1339],{},[290,1340],{"src":1341,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-자.mp3",[413,1343,1344],{},[290,1345],{"src":1346,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아자.mp3",[413,1348,1349],{},[290,1350],{"src":1351,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앚.mp3",[413,1353,1354],{},"See pronunciation note ∆",[385,1356,1357,1360,1363,1366,1371,1376,1381],{},[413,1358,1359],{},"ㅎ",[413,1361,1362],{},"h",[413,1364,1365],{},"h, h, t̚",[413,1367,1368],{},[290,1369],{"src":1370,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-하.mp3",[413,1372,1373],{},[290,1374],{"src":1375,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아하.mp3",[413,1377,1378],{},[290,1379],{"src":1380,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-_앟.mp3",[413,1382,1383,1384,1386,1387,1389,1390,361],{},"In the start of a syllable or middle of a word, ㅎ is just a normal H sound. ",[194,1385],{}," At the end of a syllable, it becomes an unreleased T (see † below)... ",[194,1388],{}," OR blends with the consonant that comes after it (see next section on ",[22,1391,1392],{},"aspirated consonants",[77,1394,1396,1424,1451],{"heading":1395},"† ‡ ∆ Nerdy pronunciation notes",[10,1397,666,1398,1401,1402,1407,1408,1411,1412,1415,1416,1419,1420,1423],{},[86,1399,1400],{},"Syllable-ending consonants",": What you're hearing here is what's called ",[14,1403,1406],{"href":1404,"rel":1405},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNo_audible_release",[98],"an unreleased consonant",", which is a fancy word for something you do completely naturally in English already. Do me a favor and say ",[22,1409,1410],{},"pear"," out loud, holding your hand in front of your mouth. Notice how a big explosion of air hits your hand when you say P? Now say ",[22,1413,1414],{},"catnip",". No explosion! You say something like ",[22,1417,1418],{},"catnihh(p)",", but definitely don't say ",[22,1421,1422],{},"catniPPUH",". This \"catnip\" P is unreleased, and just like the ㅂ in 압 (ap). The same thing happens with several other Korean consonants when they occur at the end of a syllable—ㄷ (t\u002Fd), ㄱ (k\u002Fg), ㅅ (s), ㅈ (ts), or ㅎ (h)—get your mouth in position to make the sound, but block airflow instead of releasing it.",[10,1425,1426,1427,1430,1431,1440,1441,1446,1447,1450],{},"‡ ",[86,1428,1429],{},"The Korean L\u002FR sound",": Korean has two sounds that correspond to ㄹ. The first, occurring when ㄹ begins or ends a syllable, is called ",[14,1432,1435,1436,1439],{"href":1433,"rel":1434},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRetroflex_consonant",[98],"the ",[22,1437,1438],{},"retroflex"," L sound",". To make the retroflex L sound, simply lift the tip of your straight tongue up and back toward the middle of the roof of your mouth and say L. The second L sound, occurring when ㄹ is sandwiched between two vowels, is called ",[14,1442,1445],{"href":1443,"rel":1444},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVoiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps",[98],"the alveolar tap",". This is the sound Americans make when two T's appear in the middle of a word (as shown above with ",[22,1448,1449],{},"better","), and it will probably feel more like a fast T or D sound than an L sound to you.",[10,1452,1453,1454,1457,1458,1463,1464,1469,1470,1473],{},"∆ ",[86,1455,1456],{},"Palatalization, or English vs Korean CH",": Palatalization refers to your tongue approaching the middle of your mouth, and ",[14,1459,1462],{"href":1460,"rel":1461},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPostalveolar_consonant#Tongue_shape",[98],"there are three \"flavors\" of palatalized sounds",": (1) those in which the tip of the tongue bends up and back to the roof of the mouth, (2) those in which ",[14,1465,1468],{"href":1466,"rel":1467},"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.britannica.com\u002F47\u002F4347-050-32F3830A\u002FDiagram-human-vocal-organs-location-places-speech.jpg",[98],"the blade of your tongue"," raises up to the roof of your mouth, as with English's SH and CH sounds, and (3) those in which the middle of your tongue rises toward the roof of your mouth. Korean ㅈ belongs to this third category of sounds. To make the Korean CH sound, rest the tip of your tongue down behind your lower-back teeth, raise the middle of your tongue up toward the top of your mouth, and say ",[22,1471,1472],{},"CH",". If you hold your hand in front of your mouth and say English CH vs Korean CH, you'll notice that the explosion of air hits your hand differently.",[63,1475,1477],{"id":1476},"korean-aspirated-consonants","Korean aspirated consonants",[10,1479,1480,1481,1484],{},"The second type of Korean consonants are called ",[22,1482,1483],{},"aspirated"," consonants. If you're unfamiliar with the concept of aspiration, hold your hand in front of your mouth and say these words for me:",[81,1486,1487,1503,1517],{},[53,1488,1489,1492,1493,1496,1497,361],{},[22,1490,1491],{},"Kite"," vs ",[22,1494,1495],{},"sky"," (or ",[22,1498,1499,1500,1502],{},"ma",[436,1501,535],{},"ing",[53,1504,1505,1492,1508,1496,1511,361],{},[22,1506,1507],{},"Tie",[22,1509,1510],{},"sty",[22,1512,1513,1514,1516],{},"al",[436,1515,489],{},"ogether",[53,1518,1519,1492,1522,1496,1525,361],{},[22,1520,1521],{},"Pie",[22,1523,1524],{},"spy",[22,1526,1527,1528,1502],{},"sto",[436,1529,1530],{},"pp",[10,1532,1533,1534,1537],{},"That puff of air that hit your hand when you said kite, tie, and pie? ",[22,1535,1536],{},"That's"," aspiration.",[81,1539,1540,1543,1550],{},[53,1541,1542],{},"Korean's plain consonants are often somewhat aspirated (it just kinda slips out)",[53,1544,1545,1546,1549],{},"Korean's aspirated consonants are ",[22,1547,1548],{},"super"," aspirated—their defining characteristic is a kind of obnoxious puff of air",[53,1551,1552,1553,1555,1556,1559],{},"Compare 바 ",[290,1554],{"src":1252,":type":293}," and 파 ",[290,1557],{"src":1558,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-파.mp3",": they're both a P sound, but 파 is much breathier than 바",[10,1561,1562],{},"You'll make aspirated consonants in two situations:",[81,1564,1565,1568],{},[53,1566,1567],{},"When you see one of the four aspirated consonants: ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, or ㅊ",[53,1569,1570],{},"When ㅎ ends a syllable, and the next syllable begins with ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, or ㅎ",[10,1572,1573],{},"And with that, here are the next four Hangul consonants:",[379,1575,1576,1606],{},[382,1577,1578],{},[385,1579,1580,1582,1585,1587,1595,1600,1604],{},[388,1581,390],{},[388,1583,1584],{},"KR plain counterpart",[388,1586,393],{},[388,1588,1589,1070,1592,1594],{},[14,1590,400],{"href":398,"rel":1591},[98],[194,1593],{}," (syllable initial & word middle \u002F syllable end)",[388,1596,403,1597,1599],{},[194,1598],{}," (syllable initial \u002F word middle)",[388,1601,403,1602,1088],{},[194,1603],{},[388,1605,406],{},[408,1607,1608,1633,1658,1682],{},[385,1609,1610,1613,1615,1617,1620,1625,1630],{},[413,1611,1612],{},"ㅋ",[413,1614,1097],{},[413,1616,535],{},[413,1618,1619],{},"kʰ, k̚",[413,1621,1622],{},[290,1623],{"src":1624,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-카.mp3",[413,1626,1627,1119],{},[290,1628],{"src":1629,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앜.mp3",[413,1631,1632],{},"A very breathy K sound",[385,1634,1635,1638,1640,1642,1645,1650,1655],{},[413,1636,1637],{},"ㅌ",[413,1639,1154],{},[413,1641,489],{},[413,1643,1644],{},"tʰ, t̚",[413,1646,1647],{},[290,1648],{"src":1649,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-타.mp3",[413,1651,1652,1119],{},[290,1653],{"src":1654,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앝.mp3",[413,1656,1657],{},"A very breathy T sound",[385,1659,1660,1663,1665,1667,1670,1674,1679],{},[413,1661,1662],{},"ㅍ",[413,1664,1241],{},[413,1666,10],{},[413,1668,1669],{},"pʰ, p̚",[413,1671,1672],{},[290,1673],{"src":1558,":type":293},[413,1675,1676,1119],{},[290,1677],{"src":1678,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앞.mp3",[413,1680,1681],{},"A very breathy P sound",[385,1683,1684,1687,1689,1691,1694,1699,1704],{},[413,1685,1686],{},"ㅊ",[413,1688,1330],{},[413,1690,953],{},[413,1692,1693],{},"tɕʰ, t̚",[413,1695,1696],{},[290,1697],{"src":1698,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-차.mp3",[413,1700,1701,1119],{},[290,1702],{"src":1703,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앛.mp3",[413,1705,1706],{},"A very breathy CH sound",[10,1708,1709,1711],{},[86,1710,669],{},": Unlike their plain counterparts, Korean aspirated consonants (aka strong consonants) sound the same, whether they appear in the beginning of a syllable or the middle of a word. However, they still become unreleased (see † from the plain consonants section) when they occur at the end of a syllable.",[63,1713,1715],{"id":1714},"korean-double-consonants","Korean double consonants",[10,1717,1718],{},"Last but not least, we have the Korean double consonants—sounds that are notorious because foreigners have trouble picking them out, but they're important and sound very different to Koreans. (Thankfully, they're easy to recognize in writing, because they're literally a doubled version of the plain consonant.)",[10,1720,1721],{},"Before we say anything about these sounds, please compare them with their plain counterparts side-by-side and see what you notice:",[81,1723,1724,1738],{},[53,1725,1726],{},[50,1727,1728],{},[53,1729,1730,1731,1734,1735],{},"바바 (paba) ",[290,1732],{"src":1733,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바바2.mp3"," vs 빠빠 (ppappa) ",[290,1736],{"src":1737,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-빠빠.mp3",[53,1739,1740],{},[50,1741,1743],{"start":1742},2,[53,1744,1745,1746,1749,1750],{},"바브다 (pabuda, nonsense word) ",[290,1747],{"src":1748,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바브다.mp3"," vs 바쁘다 (pappuda, \"to be busy\") ",[290,1751],{"src":1752,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바쁘다2.mp3",[10,1754,1755],{},"When I listen carefully, several things stick out at me:",[81,1757,1758,1761,1764,1767],{},[53,1759,1760],{},"From #1: 바 has a little bit of aspiration, but 빠 has absolutely no aspiration",[53,1762,1763],{},"From #1: 바 sounds when it is at the beginning of a word or the middle of a word; 쁘 sounds the same in both places",[53,1765,1766],{},"From #2: In 바브다, the speaker transitions directly from 바 to 브; in 바쁘다, there is a small gap between 바 and 쁘",[53,1768,1769],{},"From #2: The vowel following 쁘 in 바쁘다 is higher in pitch than the vowel following 브 in 바브다",[10,1771,1772],{},"In linguistics, the double double consonants are also called \"tense\" consonants, which means that you tense\u002Ftighten muscles in your lips\u002Fmouth\u002Fthroat when saying them, resulting in an increased pressure.",[10,1774,1775,1776,1781,1782,1786,1787,1790,1791,1794,1795,1799,1800,1804],{},"We actually have a tense vowel in English: ",[22,1777,772,1778,489],{},[436,1779,1780],{},"ea"," is tense, and ",[22,1783,772,1784,489],{},[436,1785,522],{}," is lax. If you say them both quite slowly, you should notice that when you say ",[22,1788,1789],{},"seat",", your lips tighten and flatten, and there's a bit of tightness in your throat—whereas ",[22,1792,1793],{},"sit"," feels very relaxed. If you can grasp that, the difference between ",[22,1796,772,1797,489],{},[436,1798,1780],{}," and ",[22,1801,772,1802,489],{},[436,1803,522],{}," is the same basic difference as that bewtween 바 and 빠.",[379,1806,1807,1833],{},[382,1808,1809],{},[385,1810,1811,1813,1815,1817,1825,1829],{},[388,1812,390],{},[388,1814,1584],{},[388,1816,393],{},[388,1818,1819,1070,1822,1824],{},[14,1820,400],{"href":398,"rel":1821},[98],[194,1823],{}," (syllable initial & word middle, syllable end)",[388,1826,403,1827,1599],{},[194,1828],{},[388,1830,403,1831,1088],{},[194,1832],{},[408,1834,1835,1854,1872,1890,1908],{},[385,1836,1837,1840,1842,1844,1846,1851],{},[413,1838,1839],{},"ㄲ",[413,1841,1097],{},[413,1843,535],{},[413,1845,1619],{},[413,1847,1848],{},[290,1849],{"src":1850,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-까.mp3",[413,1852,1853],{},"N\u002FA",[385,1855,1856,1859,1861,1863,1865,1870],{},[413,1857,1858],{},"ㄸ",[413,1860,1154],{},[413,1862,489],{},[413,1864,1644],{},[413,1866,1867],{},[290,1868],{"src":1869,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-따.mp3",[413,1871,1853],{},[385,1873,1874,1877,1879,1881,1883,1888],{},[413,1875,1876],{},"ㅃ",[413,1878,1241],{},[413,1880,10],{},[413,1882,1669],{},[413,1884,1885],{},[290,1886],{"src":1887,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-빠.mp3",[413,1889,1853],{},[385,1891,1892,1895,1897,1899,1901,1906],{},[413,1893,1894],{},"ㅉ",[413,1896,1330],{},[413,1898,953],{},[413,1900,1693],{},[413,1902,1903],{},[290,1904],{"src":1905,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-짜.mp3",[413,1907,1853],{},[385,1909,1910,1912,1915,1917,1919,1924],{},[413,1911,1270],{},[413,1913,1914],{},"ㅆ",[413,1916,772],{},[413,1918,1693],{},[413,1920,1921],{},[290,1922],{"src":1923,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-싸.mp3",[413,1925,1853],{},[10,1927,1928],{},"Then, a couple quick notes for you:",[81,1930,1931,1939],{},[53,1932,1933,1934],{},"You'll make this \"double\" sound when you see a doubled consonant; alternatively, there are also ",[14,1935,1938],{"href":1936,"rel":1937},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikibooks.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKorean\u002FAdvanced_Pronunciation_Rules#:~:text=addition%20of%20%E3%84%B4.-,Tensing,-%E3%84%B1%2C%20%E3%84%B7%2C%20%E3%85%82",[98],"a few situations where plain consonants become tense",[53,1940,1941],{},"You won't ever see double consonants at the end of a syllable, so you don't need to worry how they sound 🙂",[33,1943],{},[36,1945,1947],{"id":1946},"how-to-combine-hangul-characters-into-syllables","How to combine Hangul characters into syllables",[10,1949,1950],{},"Now that we've covered all of the individual Hangul letters, there are a few things you need to know in order to turn them into syllable blocks:",[50,1952,1953,1956,1959],{},[53,1954,1955],{},"Korean syllable blocks always have a consonant and a vowel",[53,1957,1958],{},"A syllable block can consist of 2–4 Hangul",[53,1960,1961],{},"Hangul get bundled together in specific ways",[63,1963,1965],{"id":1964},"_1-korean-syllables-need-a-consonant-and-vowel","1. Korean syllables need a consonant and vowel",[10,1967,1968],{},"Every syllable block needs a vowel and at least one consonant.",[10,1970,1971],{},"Then, so far as Korean spelling rules are concerned, ㅇ is a consonant, but it's also silent when it begins a syllable. This means that you can have \"consonant + vowel\" syllable blocks like 이 (i) and 으 (eu) that sound just like normal vowels.",[63,1973,1975],{"id":1974},"_2korean-syllables-can-have-24-letters","2.Korean syllables can have 2–4 letters",[10,1977,1978],{},"This is pretty straightforward, thankfully!",[81,1980,1981,1984,1998,2012],{},[53,1982,1983],{},"1-hangul block: These do not exist, as no Korean letter can stand by itself",[53,1985,1986,1987,1990,1991,1994,1995,361],{},"2-hangul block: 나 (na, ",[22,1988,1989],{},"I"," ), 너 (neo, ",[22,1992,1993],{},"you","), 다 (ta, ",[22,1996,1997],{},"all",[53,1999,2000,2001,2004,2005,2008,2009,361],{},"3-hangul block: 눈 (nun, ",[22,2002,2003],{},"eye","), 말 (mal, ",[22,2006,2007],{},"words\u002Fspeech","), 밥 (pab, ",[22,2010,2011],{},"rice\u002Ffood",[53,2013,2014,2015,2018,2019,361],{},"4-hangul block: 읽 (from 읽다, ilgda, ",[22,2016,2017],{},"to read","), 앉 (from 앉다, anjda, ",[22,2020,2021],{},"to sit",[63,2023,2025],{"id":2024},"_3-theres-a-certain-way-to-combine-hangul-letters-into-syllable-blocks","3. There's a certain way to combine Hangul letters into syllable blocks",[10,2027,2028],{},"The most basic Korean syllables consist of a consonant and a vowel.",[81,2030,2031,2034,2037],{},[53,2032,2033],{},"Vertical vowels, like ㅣ (i), make left:right blocks",[53,2035,2036],{},"Horizontal blocks, like ㅡ (eu), make top:bottom blocks",[53,2038,2039],{},"Vowels with both a vertical and horizontal portion, such as ㅢ, wrap around their consonant.",[235,2041],{"src":2042,"width":2043,"height":2044,"alt":2045},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-syllables1.jpeg",582,186,"An image from wikipedia showing the basic consonant-vowel shapes of Korean syllable blocks",[10,2047,2048],{},"Regardless of which type of syllable block you're dealing with, the final Hangul always gets placed at the very bottom of the block.",[235,2050],{"src":2051,"width":2043,"height":2052,"alt":2053},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-syllables2.jpeg",232,"An image from Wikipedia showing how Korean syllable blocks get changed by adding a final letter",[10,2055,2056,2057,2062],{},"You can also have more complex final syllables that consist of two consonants. ",[14,2058,2061],{"href":2059,"rel":2060},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reddit.com\u002Fr\u002FKorean\u002Fcomments\u002F1byj9zj\u002Fcomment\u002Fkykljoi\u002F",[98],"There are 11 different 4-letter blocks",". One of the two final letters will be silent... unless the next syllable begins with a vowel, in which case the bottom-right consonant will shift over to the next syllable.",[235,2064],{"src":2065,"width":2066,"height":2067,"alt":2068},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-syllables3.jpeg",622,222,"An image from Wikipedia showing the shapes of Korean syllable blocks that consist of 4 Hangul letters",[10,2070,2071,2072,361],{},"(",[22,2073,2074,2075,25],{},"Note: These images are taken from ",[14,2076,2079],{"href":2077,"rel":2078},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHangul#Morpho-syllabic_blocks",[98],"Wikipedia's section on Korean's morpho-syllabic blocks",[36,2081,2083],{"id":2082},"learn-the-korean-alphabet-with-examples","Learn the Korean alphabet with examples",[10,2085,2086,2087,2090],{},"You've now looked over all of the Korean Hangul and gotten a crash course in how to combine them to make syllables and words. Unfortunately, to learn the Hangul, this isn't quite enough. The best way to learn the Hangul—and perhaps the only way—is to use Hangul. Write them! Read them! Paint them! Just ",[22,2088,2089],{},"use"," them.",[10,2092,2093],{},"To get started with, here are ten basic Korean words. Try to read each one, then click the \"+\" button to see the answer. (Of course, you can also practice writing them, if you want!)",[77,2095,2097],{"heading":2096},"학생",[10,2098,2099,2100],{},"Hagsaeng (person) ",[290,2101],{"src":2102,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-학생.mp3",[77,2104,2106],{"heading":2105},"친구",[10,2107,2108,2109],{},"Chingu (friend) ",[290,2110],{"src":2111,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-친구.mp3",[77,2113,2115],{"heading":2114},"의사",[10,2116,2117,2118],{},"Uisa (doctor) ",[290,2119],{"src":2120,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-의사.mp3",[77,2122,2124],{"heading":2123},"학교",[10,2125,2126,2127],{},"Haggyo (school) ",[290,2128],{"src":2129,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-학교.mp3",[77,2131,2133],{"heading":2132},"한국",[10,2134,2135,2136],{},"Hanguk (Korea) ",[290,2137],{"src":2138,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-한국.mp3",[77,2140,2142],{"heading":2141},"집",[10,2143,2144,2145],{},"Jib (house) ",[290,2146],{"src":2147,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-집.mp3",[77,2149,2151],{"heading":2150},"책",[10,2152,2153,2154],{},"Chaeg (book) ",[290,2155],{"src":2156,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-책.mp3",[77,2158,2160],{"heading":2159},"선물",[10,2161,2162,2163],{},"Seonmul (person) ",[290,2164],{"src":2165,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-선물.mp3",[77,2167,2169],{"heading":2168},"사람",[10,2170,2171,2172],{},"Salam (person) ",[290,2173],{"src":2174,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-사람.mp3",[77,2176,2178],{"heading":2177},"이름",[10,2179,2180,2181],{},"Ileum (name) ",[290,2182],{"src":2183,":type":293},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-이름.mp3",[36,2185,2187],{"id":2186},"need-to-learn-hangul-quickly","Need to learn Hangul quickly?",[10,2189,2190],{},"The worst part about language learning is that it takes time. Thankfully, though, Hangul were designed in a logical fashion and come pretty quickly.",[10,2192,2193],{},"Having said that, to learn them, you still need to practice them: to see each Korean character in context, pronounced by native Korean speakers, and to periodically quiz yourself.",[235,2195],{"src":2196,"width":2197,"height":2198,"alt":2199},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-fundamentals.jpeg",1754,1220,"A few screenshots from Migaku's Korean Fundamentals course, showing how we teach Hangul",[10,2201,2202],{},"Migaku's Korean Fundamentals course:",[50,2204,2205,2208,2211,2214],{},[53,2206,2207],{},"Starts off by teaching you a bit about Korean culture and how the language works in general",[53,2209,2210],{},"Teaches the Hangul alphabet one-by-one, via mnemonic pictures and videos of a native speaker pronouncing them",[53,2212,2213],{},"Explains Hangul's various sound-change rules",[53,2215,2216],{},"Has you practice all of those things in the context of actual Korean words and phrases",[10,2218,2219],{},"By the time you finish the course, you'll know Hangul. As you continue with your Korean learning journey—as you read Korean texts, watch K-dramas, and sing along to Korean songs—Hangul will gradually become second nature.",[10,2221,2222],{},"You can try Migaku totally free for ten days, and if you put in about half an hour per day (~25 flashcards), you can finish our Korean Fundamentals course in that time.",[10,2224,2225],{},"So, if you're ready:",[2227,2228],"prose-button",{"href":16,"text":2229},"Learn Korean with Migaku",[345,2231,2232],{"italic":347},"\n Migaku is totally free for ten days, which is enough time to finish our Hangul course, learn how to pronounce Korean words, and take your karaoke game to the next level. \n",[33,2234],{},[36,2236,2238],{"id":2237},"and-now-youre-ready-to-move-onto-the-korean-language","And now you're ready to move onto the Korean language",[10,2240,2241],{},"You now know how Hangul work, but the best way to learn Hangul—and Korean, or anything—is to actually use them.",[188,2243,2244],{},[10,2245,2246],{},"The way that we make progress in a foreign language is by engaging with its media and understanding the messages within that media. All successful language learners have spent a lot of time actually using their language.",[10,2248,2249],{},"You're going to want to find the perfect resource or Korean alphabet chart—but try not to let perfect be the enemy of good enough. So long as you loosely remember how each Hangul sounds, you will commit them to memory, in time, as you spend more time with Korean.",[10,2251,2252],{},"Good luck!",{"title":347,"searchDepth":1742,"depth":1742,"links":2254},[2255,2262,2266,2271,2276,2277,2278],{"id":38,"depth":1742,"text":2256,"children":2257},"Background info: history of Hangul, how the Korean alphabet works, and the catch",[2258,2260,2261],{"id":65,"depth":2259,"text":66},3,{"id":204,"depth":2259,"text":205},{"id":251,"depth":2259,"text":252},{"id":326,"depth":1742,"text":327,"children":2263},[2264,2265],{"id":365,"depth":2259,"text":366},{"id":677,"depth":2259,"text":678},{"id":985,"depth":1742,"text":986,"children":2267},[2268,2269,2270],{"id":1015,"depth":2259,"text":1016},{"id":1476,"depth":2259,"text":1477},{"id":1714,"depth":2259,"text":1715},{"id":1946,"depth":1742,"text":1947,"children":2272},[2273,2274,2275],{"id":1964,"depth":2259,"text":1965},{"id":1974,"depth":2259,"text":1975},{"id":2024,"depth":2259,"text":2025},{"id":2082,"depth":1742,"text":2083},{"id":2186,"depth":1742,"text":2187},{"id":2237,"depth":1742,"text":2238},"The Korean alphabet, called Hangul (or hangeul), is the first step in your journey to learn Korean. Thankfully, it's also pretty easy to learn Hangul! Let's go:","md",{"timestampUnix":2282,"slug":2283,"h1":2284,"image":2285,"tags":2290},1737517447757,"learn-korean-hangul","Learn Hangul, the Korean alphabet, and Start Learning Korean",{"src":2286,"width":2287,"height":2288,"alt":2289},"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-alphabet-hangul-header.jpeg",5760,3840,"A photo of a page showing the mixed Korean script, featuring both Hangul and Hanja",[2291],"fundamentals",true,"\u002Farticle\u002Fkorean\u002Fkorean-hangul","---\ntitle: 'Learn Hangul: A Guide to the Korean Alphabet (With Audio!)'\ndescription: \"The Korean alphabet, called Hangul (or hangeul), is the first step in your journey to learn Korean. Thankfully, it's also pretty easy to learn Hangul! Let's go:\"\ntimestampUnix: 1737517447757\nslug: 'learn-korean-hangul'\nh1: 'Learn Hangul, the Korean alphabet, and Start Learning Korean'\nimage:\n  src: '\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-alphabet-hangul-header.jpeg'\n  width: 5760\n  height: 3840\n  alt: 'A photo of a page showing the mixed Korean script, featuring both Hangul and Hanja'\ntags:\n  - fundamentals\n---\n\nIf you want to [learn Korean](\u002Flearn-korean), the first step is to learn the Korean alphabet, also known as Hangul. (Duh.) While the Korean language itself is difficult to learn, Hangul was actually intentionally designed to be logical and easy to learn. Folks with their eyes on Japanese or Mandarin will need to learn thousands of unique characters in order to read, but you, my friend? You're looking at twenty-four letters\u002Fsymbols.\n\n_Nice_.\n\nIn this blog post, we'll get into everything you need to know to read and write Korean:\n\n\u003Ctoc>\u003C\u002Ftoc>\n\n---\n\n## Background info: history of Hangul, how the Korean alphabet works, and *the catch*\n\nMost of this blog post is going to consist of tables and audio recordings, but that information alone won't actually enable you to write anything in Korean.\n\nHere are three things you should know if you're serious about learning Hangul:\n\n1. Chinese had a huge influence on Korean vocabulary, but Korean uses Hangul, not Chinese characters\n2. Hangul, Korean's alphabet, works by being combined into blocks\n3. Most Korean consonants can be pronounced in a couple different ways, depending on where they appear in a word\n\n### 1. Hangul's origin story, or why King Sejong wanted to get rid of Chinese Characters\n\nWriting systems don't just appear out of nowhere: at some point, somebody somewhere has to stop and go, _\"Gosh, it would be great if we had a physical record of this stuff so I didn't have to memorize it.\"_\n\nHangul is no exception. In a sense, it was 2,400 years in the making.\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"2,400 years of Korean writing in ~200 words\">\n\n- **No writing system** — before 400 AD — Way back when, Korean was a purely oral language.\n- **[Chinese characters (hanja)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHanja)** — ~400 AD (?) — China exerted massive influence on every culture in the region, and many Korean officials were bilingual: they would speak Korean, but write in literary Chinese. While Chinese influence can be found in Korea as far back as 300 BC, the earliest \"official\" instance of Chinese writing used in Korea dates is [the Gwanggaeto Stole from 414 AD](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGwanggaeto_Stele).\n- **Early Korean writing systems** — ~late 600s — Chinese characters were difficult to learn and didn't fit Korean's pronunciation at all. Several attempts were made to better adapt them to Korean, such as [Idu (吏讀)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIdu_script), [Hyangchal (鄕札)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHyangchal), and [Gugyeol (口訣)](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGugyeol).\n- **Hangul** — [~1446](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHunminjeongeum_Haerye) — Saddened by the fact that that ordinary people were unable to write, King Sejong created a new writing system that was easy to learn and suitable for the sounds that existed in Korean. The alphabet was brilliant, but caught on very slowly.\n- **Mixed script** —  ~1446 — For a long time, Korean writing used [a mix of both hanja and Hangul](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabo_Reform): hanja to show what words meant, and Hangul to show the grammatical relationships between them.\n- **Hangul, for real** — 1894 — Hangul was not considered to be Korea's official alphabet until [the Gabo reform in ~1894](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabo_Reform).\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\nI'll skip the history lesson (expand the above box if you want it), but there are two things you should know:\n\n1. Korean was written with Chinese characters for longer than it has been written in Hangul; in fact, [as much as 70% of Korean vocabulary comes from Chinese languages](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSino-Korean_vocabulary).\n2. Chinese characters just couldn't represent Korean sounds and were such a headache to learn that \"normal\" people were effectively barred from writing.\n\nWith this in mind, when King Sejong introduced Hangul in 1446, [he said](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHunminjeongeum_Haerye):\n\n> 國之語音。異乎中國。與文字不相流通。故愚民。有所欲言而終不得伸其情者。多矣。予。爲此憫然。新制二十八字。欲使人人易習。便於日用矣。\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr> *Because the speech of this country is different from that of China, it \\[the spoken language] does not match the \\[Chinese] letters. Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the end cannot state their concerns. Saddened by this, I have \\[had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that \\[they] be convenient for daily use.*\n\n### 2. How Hangul work, or how 24 symbols make 11,172 unique sounds\n\nWhile Hangul is commonly called the Korean alphabet, it's technically what's called a _syllabic_ alphabet (or something along those lines; there's debate).\n\n- Alphabets, such as the English alphabet, work by lining up one character after another\n\n- Korean's \"alphabet\" works by first grouping characters up into blocks (syllables), and _then_ lining those blocks up\n\nFor example, in English, we write _Hangul_ like this: h→a→n→g→u→l.\n\nBut in Korean, instead of lining Hangul up one after the other, they combine them into blocks like this:\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-hangul-block.webp\" width=\"1200\" height=\"724\" alt=\"An image showing how Hangul characters get combined to form syllable bloks\" \u002F>\n\nAnd this makes the Korean alphabet incredibly flexible: The 24 Hangul can be combined to make [11,172 different syllable blocks](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables#Hangul_syllables).\n\n### 3. The hardest part the Korean writing system\n\nYou're going to feel pretty awesome when you finish this article: the ability to make 11,172 different syllable blocks is a massive return on your investment of learning 24 just Hangul letters.\n\n... and then you're going to go boot up your favorite k-pop song ([here's mine](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=p8npDG2ulKQ)) and feel puzzled: many things that come out of the singer's mouth seemingly won't match what is written in Hangul on the screen.\n\nThis is _the catch_.\n\n> Korean has a lot of [sound change rules](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikibooks.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKorean\u002FEssential_Pronunciation_Rules): the pronunciation of many Hangul letters will change depending on the letter that come before or after it.\n\nNow, before you panic, do me a favor and listen to this audio clip:\n\n- Better \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fen-better.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\nDid you hear that?\n\n- Better is _written_ with \"tt\"\n- That \"tt\" is _spoken_ as if it was actually \"dd\": _bedder_\n\nWhen speaking quickly, Americans tend to pronounce \"t\" as \"d\" simply because it rolls off the tongue better. If you say \"better\" really fast several times in a row, your tongue will eventually get \"lazy\" and start saying \"bedder\" instead.\n\nKorean's sound changes are the same sort of deal: small adjustments to the way a sound is made in order to make it easier to pronounce. Hangul sound changes will be annoying at first, but try not to worry about it. They'll become second nature before long.\n\n---\n\n## Korean Vowels\n\nKorean has some tricky consonants, so we're going to start off with the vowels.\n\nKorean has:\n\n- 10 basic vowels: ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅓ, ㅕ, ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ, ㅡ, ㅣ\n- 11 complex vowels: ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅙ, ㅟ, and ㅢ\n\n> \u003CCenteredText bold underline> Important note\u003C\u002FCenteredText> \u003Cbr>\n> According to Korean spelling rules, it's illegal to write a vowel by itself. _(You'll go straight to jail_ 🤠 _)_ For this reason, you'll pretty much always see Hangul vowels paired with ㅇ, a Korean consonant that is silent when it appears in the very beginning of a syllable. Korean vowels get lonely easily, so don't leave them alone!\n\n### Korean basic vowels\n\nHere's how to write the ten basic Korean vowels. Notice that:\n\n- Some vowels, such as 아, have a left and right side\n- Other vowels, such as 오, have a top and bottom part\n\n| KR  | EN  | [IPA](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInternational_Phonetic_Alphabet) | Audio                                                                 | Notes                                                                                                                                                                                                |\n| --- | --- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 아  | a   | \u003Cspan style=\"font-feature-settings: 'cv11' off;\">a\u003C\u002Fspan>            | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Like the AHH sound in _f\u003Cu>a\u003C\u002Fu>ther_                                                                                                                                                                |\n| 야  | ya  | \u003Cspan style=\"font-feature-settings: 'cv11' off;\">ja\u003C\u002Fspan>           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-야.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Like the YAH sound in _\u003Cu>ya\u003C\u002Fu>cht_                                                                                                                                                                 |\n| 어  | eo  | ʌ                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-어.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Like the AW sound in _th\u003Cu>ough\u003C\u002Fu>t_                                                                                                                                                                |\n| 여  | yeo | jʌ                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-여.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Like the YAW sound in _\u003Cu>y'a\u003C\u002Fu>ll_                                                                                                                                                                 |\n| 이  | i   | i                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-이.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Like the EE sound in _k\u003Cu>ey\u003C\u002Fu>_                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| 오  | o   | o                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-오.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | †Like the OH sound in _n\u003Cu>o\u003C\u002Fu>_                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| 요  | yo  | jo                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-요.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | †Like the YO sound n _\u003Cu>yo\u003C\u002Fu>del_                                                                                                                                                                  |\n| 우  | u   | u                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-우.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Like the OO sound in _g\u003Cu>oo\u003C\u002Fu>se_                                                                                                                                                                  |\n| 유  | yu  | ju                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-유.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the YU sound in _\u003Cu>u\u003C\u002Fu>niverse_                                                                                                                                                               |\n| 으  | eu  | ɯ                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-으.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | Say OO (as in _g\u003Cu>oo\u003C\u002Fu>se_) in front of a mirror;\u003Cbr> notice how your lips are sticking out? Relax them completely. \u003Cbr> 으 sounds kind of like the soud you make when you get hit in the stomach. |\n\n† **Korean pronunciation note**: English's \"oh\" sound is actually a combination of two vowels. Go stand in front of a mirror and say \"no\" very, very slowly. Notice how, halfway through the sound, your lips change shape? That's because you're transitioning from the \u002Fo\u002F vowel to the \u002Fʊ\u002F vowel. Korean 오 has _only_ this initial \u002Fo\u002F sound; when you say 오, it should be constant—there's no movement in your lips, mouth, or jaw.\n\n### Korean complex vowels\n\nHere's how to read and write Korean's \"complex\" vowels. While I'll try to give rough English approximations of each sound, you might find it easier to instead think of these sounds as being combinations of basic vowels, just like Koreans do:\n\n- To pronounce 와\n  - Start out with your lips\u002Fmouth in position to say 오\n  - Start saying 오\n  - Very quickly transition to 아, yielding one \"smooth\" _wahh_ sound\n\n| KR  | EN     | [IPA](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInternational_Phonetic_Alphabet) | Audio                                                                | Notes                                                                                                                       |\n| --- | ------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 애  | ae     | ɛ                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-애.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the EHH sound in _\u003Cu>e\u003C\u002Fu>ver_                                                                                         |\n| 얘  | yae    | jɛ                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-얘.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the YEH sound in _\u003Cu>ye\u003C\u002Fu>s_                                                                                          |\n| 에  | e      | e                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-에.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Nowadays, pronounced exactly like 애                                                                                        |\n| 예  | ye     | je                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-예.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Nowadays, pronounced exactly like 예                                                                                        |\n| 와  | wa     | w\u003Cspan style=\"font-feature-settings: 'cv11' off;\">a\u003C\u002Fspan>           | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-와.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the WAH sound in _\u003Cu>wa\u003C\u002Fu>ddle_                                                                                       |\n| 왜  | wae    | wɛ                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-왜.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the word _way_, sort of                                                                                                |\n| 외  | oe     | we                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-외.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the WEHH sound in _\u003Cu>wea\u003C\u002Fu>lth_, sort of                                                                             |\n| 워  | wo\u002Fweo | wʌ                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-워.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the AW sound in _\u003Cu>wa\u003C\u002Fu>nder_                                                                                        |\n| 웨  | we     | we                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-웨.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Start with your lips puckered out, as in the OO of _g\u003Cu>oo\u003C\u002Fu>se_, \u003Cbr> then quickly transition to the EHH of _\u003Cu>e\u003C\u002Fu>ver_ |\n| 위  | wi     | wi                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-위.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Like the OO-WY sound in _ch\u003Cu>ewy\u003C\u002Fu>_, sort of                                                                             |\n| 의  | ui     | ɰi                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-의.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | Make that \"punched in the stomach\" sound discussed above,\u003Cbr> then quickly transition to the EE sound in _k\u003Cu>ey\u003C\u002Fu>_       |\n\n## Korean consonants\n\nKorean has 10 \"basic\" consonants (called \"plain\" consonants), but several of those characters have a few different forms.\n\nAs such, we'll break Korean consonants into three categories:\n\n- **10 plain consonants**: ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅎ\n- **4 aspirated consonants**: ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ\n- **5 tense consonants**: ㄲ, ㅆ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ\n\n### Korean plain consonants\n\nHangul consonants are kind of tricky because many of them change slightly depending on where they appear in a word. Explaining all of Korean's sound changes is beyond the scope of this post, but I have included three audio recordings for each sound so that you can hear how it's pronunciation changes from position to position:\n\n- **Word-initial audio**: When the consonant begins a syllable, as in _ka_ (가)\n- **Word-middle audio**: When the consonant is sandwiched between two vowels, as in _aka_ (아가)\n- **Word-final audio**: When the consonant ends a syllable, as in _ak_ (악)\n\nSome consonants also undergo a sound shift if certain letters come before or after them, and we'll cover the main situations where that happens in the next two sections.\n\n| KR  | EN   | [IPA](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInternational_Phonetic_Alphabet) \u003Cbr> (syllable initial\u002Fword middle\u002Fsyllable end) | Audio\u003Cbr> (syllable initial)                                          | Audio\u003Cbr> (word middle)                                                  | Audio\u003Cbr> (syllable end)                                               | Notes                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |\n| --- | ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| ㄱ  | k\u002Fg  | k, g, k̚                                                                                                               | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-가.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아가.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-악.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> † | The same K\u002FG as in English                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |\n| ㄴ  | n    | n                                                                                                                     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-나.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아나.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-안.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | The same N sound that your'e used to from English                                                                                                                                                                                                          |\n| ㄷ  | t\u002Fd  | t, d, t̚                                                                                                               | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앋.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> † | The same T\u002FD as in English                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |\n| ㄹ  | r\u002Fl  | ɾ~l                                                                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-라.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아라.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> ‡ | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-_알.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | See pronunciation note ‡ below                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |\n| ㅁ  | m    | m                                                                                                                     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-마.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아마.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-암.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | Nothing special here, just the same M you know and love                                                                                                                                                                                                    |\n| ㅂ  | p\u002Fb  | p, b, p̚                                                                                                               | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바2.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아바.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-압.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> † | The same P\u002FB sound as in English                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |\n| ㅅ  | s    | s                                                                                                                     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-사.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아사.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앗.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> † | The same S as in English, but a bit more \"breathy\"                                                                                                                                                                                                         |\n| ㅇ  | ng   | N\u002FA, ŋ                                                                                                                | see note →                                                            | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앙아.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앙.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | ㅇ is silent at the end of a syllable, \u003Cbr> otherwise it sounds like the NG in _king_                                                                                                                                                                      |\n| ㅈ  | ch\u002Fj | t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t̚                                                                                                             | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-자.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아자.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앚.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | See pronunciation note ∆                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |\n| ㅎ  | h    | h, h, t̚                                                                                                               | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-하.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-아하.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-_앟.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>  | In the start of a syllable or middle of a word, ㅎ is just a normal H sound. \u003Cbr> At the end of a syllable, it becomes an unreleased T (see † below)... \u003Cbr> OR blends with the consonant that comes after it (see next section on _aspirated consonants_) |\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"† ‡ ∆ Nerdy pronunciation notes\">\n\n† **Syllable-ending consonants**: What you're hearing here is what's called [an unreleased consonant](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNo_audible_release), which is a fancy word for something you do completely naturally in English already. Do me a favor and say _pear_ out loud, holding your hand in front of your mouth. Notice how a big explosion of air hits your hand when you say P? Now say _catnip_. No explosion! You say something like _catnihh(p)_, but definitely don't say _catniPPUH_. This \"catnip\" P is unreleased, and just like the ㅂ in 압 (ap). The same thing happens with several other Korean consonants when they occur at the end of a syllable—ㄷ (t\u002Fd), ㄱ (k\u002Fg), ㅅ (s), ㅈ (ts), or ㅎ (h)—get your mouth in position to make the sound, but block airflow instead of releasing it.\n\n‡ **The Korean L\u002FR sound**: Korean has two sounds that correspond to ㄹ. The first, occurring when ㄹ begins or ends a syllable, is called [the _retroflex_ L sound](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRetroflex_consonant). To make the retroflex L sound, simply lift the tip of your straight tongue up and back toward the middle of the roof of your mouth and say L. The second L sound, occurring when ㄹ is sandwiched between two vowels, is called [the alveolar tap](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVoiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps). This is the sound Americans make when two T's appear in the middle of a word (as shown above with _better_), and it will probably feel more like a fast T or D sound than an L sound to you.\n\n∆ **Palatalization, or English vs Korean CH**: Palatalization refers to your tongue approaching the middle of your mouth, and [there are three \"flavors\" of palatalized sounds](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPostalveolar_consonant#Tongue_shape): (1) those in which the tip of the tongue bends up and back to the roof of the mouth, (2) those in which [the blade of your tongue](https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.britannica.com\u002F47\u002F4347-050-32F3830A\u002FDiagram-human-vocal-organs-location-places-speech.jpg) raises up to the roof of your mouth, as with English's SH and CH sounds, and (3) those in which the middle of your tongue rises toward the roof of your mouth. Korean ㅈ belongs to this third category of sounds. To make the Korean CH sound, rest the tip of your tongue down behind your lower-back teeth, raise the middle of your tongue up toward the top of your mouth, and say _CH_. If you hold your hand in front of your mouth and say English CH vs Korean CH, you'll notice that the explosion of air hits your hand differently.\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n### Korean aspirated consonants\n\nThe second type of Korean consonants are called _aspirated_ consonants. If you're unfamiliar with the concept of aspiration, hold your hand in front of your mouth and say these words for me:\n\n- _Kite_ vs _sky_ (or _ma\u003Cu>k\u003C\u002Fu>ing_)\n- _Tie_ vs _sty_ (or _al\u003Cu>t\u003C\u002Fu>ogether_)\n- _Pie_ vs _spy_ (or _sto\u003Cu>pp\u003C\u002Fu>ing_)\n\nThat puff of air that hit your hand when you said kite, tie, and pie? _That's_ aspiration.\n\n- Korean's plain consonants are often somewhat aspirated (it just kinda slips out)\n- Korean's aspirated consonants are _super_ aspirated—their defining characteristic is a kind of obnoxious puff of air\n- Compare 바 \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바2.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> and 파 \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-파.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>: they're both a P sound, but 파 is much breathier than 바\n\nYou'll make aspirated consonants in two situations:\n\n- When you see one of the four aspirated consonants: ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, or ㅊ\n- When ㅎ ends a syllable, and the next syllable begins with ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, or ㅎ\n\nAnd with that, here are the next four Hangul consonants:\n\n| KR  | KR plain counterpart | EN  | [IPA](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInternational_Phonetic_Alphabet) \u003Cbr> (syllable initial & word middle \u002F syllable end) | Audio\u003Cbr> (syllable initial \u002F word middle)                           | Audio\u003Cbr> (syllable end)                                                 | Notes                   |\n| --- | -------------------- | --- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------- |\n| ㅋ  | ㄱ                   | k   | kʰ, k̚                                                                                                                     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-카.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앜.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> † | A very breathy K sound  |\n| ㅌ  | ㄷ                   | t   | tʰ, t̚                                                                                                                     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-타.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앝.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> †   | A very breathy T sound  |\n| ㅍ  | ㅂ                   | p   | pʰ, p̚                                                                                                                     | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-파.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앞.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> †   | A very breathy P sound  |\n| ㅊ  | ㅈ                   | ch  | tɕʰ, t̚                                                                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-차.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-앛.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> †   | A very breathy CH sound |\n\n**Korean pronunciation note**: Unlike their plain counterparts, Korean aspirated consonants (aka strong consonants) sound the same, whether they appear in the beginning of a syllable or the middle of a word. However, they still become unreleased (see † from the plain consonants section) when they occur at the end of a syllable.\n\n### Korean double consonants\n\nLast but not least, we have the Korean double consonants—sounds that are notorious because foreigners have trouble picking them out, but they're important and sound very different to Koreans. (Thankfully, they're easy to recognize in writing, because they're literally a doubled version of the plain consonant.)\n\nBefore we say anything about these sounds, please compare them with their plain counterparts side-by-side and see what you notice:\n\n- 1. 바바 (paba) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바바2.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> vs 빠빠 (ppappa) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-빠빠.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n- 2. 바브다 (pabuda, nonsense word) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바브다.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> vs 바쁘다 (pappuda, \"to be busy\") \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-바쁘다2.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\nWhen I listen carefully, several things stick out at me:\n\n- From #1: 바 has a little bit of aspiration, but 빠 has absolutely no aspiration\n- From #1: 바 sounds when it is at the beginning of a word or the middle of a word; 쁘 sounds the same in both places\n- From #2: In 바브다, the speaker transitions directly from 바 to 브; in 바쁘다, there is a small gap between 바 and 쁘\n- From #2: The vowel following 쁘 in 바쁘다 is higher in pitch than the vowel following 브 in 바브다\n\nIn linguistics, the double double consonants are also called \"tense\" consonants, which means that you tense\u002Ftighten muscles in your lips\u002Fmouth\u002Fthroat when saying them, resulting in an increased pressure.\n\nWe actually have a tense vowel in English: _s\u003Cu>ea\u003C\u002Fu>t_ is tense, and _s\u003Cu>i\u003C\u002Fu>t_ is lax. If you say them both quite slowly, you should notice that when you say _seat_, your lips tighten and flatten, and there's a bit of tightness in your throat—whereas _sit_ feels very relaxed. If you can grasp that, the difference between _s\u003Cu>ea\u003C\u002Fu>t_ and _s\u003Cu>i\u003C\u002Fu>t_ is the same basic difference as that bewtween 바 and 빠.\n\n| KR  | KR plain counterpart | EN  | [IPA](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FInternational_Phonetic_Alphabet) \u003Cbr> (syllable initial & word middle, syllable end) | Audio\u003Cbr> (syllable initial \u002F word middle)                           | Audio\u003Cbr> (syllable end) |\n| --- | -------------------- | --- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ |\n| ㄲ  | ㄱ                   | k   | kʰ, k̚                                                                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-까.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | N\u002FA                      |\n| ㄸ  | ㄷ                   | t   | tʰ, t̚                                                                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-따.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | N\u002FA                      |\n| ㅃ  | ㅂ                   | p   | pʰ, p̚                                                                                                                    | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-빠.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | N\u002FA                      |\n| ㅉ  | ㅈ                   | ch  | tɕʰ, t̚                                                                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-짜.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | N\u002FA                      |\n| ㅅ  | ㅆ                   | s   | tɕʰ, t̚                                                                                                                   | \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-싸.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio> | N\u002FA                      |\n\nThen, a couple quick notes for you:\n\n- You'll make this \"double\" sound when you see a doubled consonant; alternatively, there are also [a few situations where plain consonants become tense](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikibooks.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKorean\u002FAdvanced_Pronunciation_Rules#:~:text=addition%20of%20%E3%84%B4.-,Tensing,-%E3%84%B1%2C%20%E3%84%B7%2C%20%E3%85%82)\n- You won't ever see double consonants at the end of a syllable, so you don't need to worry how they sound 🙂\n\n---\n\n## How to combine Hangul characters into syllables\n\nNow that we've covered all of the individual Hangul letters, there are a few things you need to know in order to turn them into syllable blocks:\n\n1. Korean syllable blocks always have a consonant and a vowel\n2. A syllable block can consist of 2–4 Hangul\n3. Hangul get bundled together in specific ways\n\n### 1. Korean syllables need a consonant and vowel\n\nEvery syllable block needs a vowel and at least one consonant.\n\nThen, so far as Korean spelling rules are concerned, ㅇ is a consonant, but it's also silent when it begins a syllable. This means that you can have \"consonant + vowel\" syllable blocks like 이 (i) and 으 (eu) that sound just like normal vowels.\n\n### 2.Korean syllables can have 2–4 letters\n\nThis is pretty straightforward, thankfully!\n\n- 1-hangul block: These do not exist, as no Korean letter can stand by itself\n- 2-hangul block: 나 (na, _I_ ), 너 (neo, _you_), 다 (ta, _all_)\n- 3-hangul block: 눈 (nun, _eye_), 말 (mal, _words\u002Fspeech_), 밥 (pab, _rice\u002Ffood_)\n- 4-hangul block: 읽 (from 읽다, ilgda, _to read_), 앉 (from 앉다, anjda, _to sit_)\n\n### 3. There's a certain way to combine Hangul letters into syllable blocks\n\nThe most basic Korean syllables consist of a consonant and a vowel.\n\n- Vertical vowels, like ㅣ (i), make left:right blocks\n- Horizontal blocks, like ㅡ (eu), make top:bottom blocks\n- Vowels with both a vertical and horizontal portion, such as ㅢ, wrap around their consonant.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-syllables1.jpeg\" width=\"582\" height=\"186\" alt=\"An image from wikipedia showing the basic consonant-vowel shapes of Korean syllable blocks\" \u002F>\n\nRegardless of which type of syllable block you're dealing with, the final Hangul always gets placed at the very bottom of the block.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-syllables2.jpeg\" width=\"582\" height=\"232\" alt=\"An image from Wikipedia showing how Korean syllable blocks get changed by adding a final letter\" \u002F>\n\nYou can also have more complex final syllables that consist of two consonants. [There are 11 different 4-letter blocks](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reddit.com\u002Fr\u002FKorean\u002Fcomments\u002F1byj9zj\u002Fcomment\u002Fkykljoi\u002F). One of the two final letters will be silent... unless the next syllable begins with a vowel, in which case the bottom-right consonant will shift over to the next syllable.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-syllables3.jpeg\" width=\"622\" height=\"222\" alt=\"An image from Wikipedia showing the shapes of Korean syllable blocks that consist of 4 Hangul letters\" \u002F>\n\n(_Note: These images are taken from [Wikipedia's section on Korean's morpho-syllabic blocks](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHangul#Morpho-syllabic_blocks)._)\n\n## Learn the Korean alphabet with examples\n\nYou've now looked over all of the Korean Hangul and gotten a crash course in how to combine them to make syllables and words. Unfortunately, to learn the Hangul, this isn't quite enough. The best way to learn the Hangul—and perhaps the only way—is to use Hangul. Write them! Read them! Paint them! Just _use_ them.\n\nTo get started with, here are ten basic Korean words. Try to read each one, then click the \"+\" button to see the answer. (Of course, you can also practice writing them, if you want!)\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"학생\">\n\nHagsaeng (person) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-학생.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"친구\">\n\nChingu (friend) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-친구.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"의사\">\n\nUisa (doctor) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-의사.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"학교\">\n\nHaggyo (school) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-학교.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"한국\">\n\nHanguk (Korea) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-한국.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"집\">\n\nJib (house) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-집.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"책\">\n\nChaeg (book) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-책.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"선물\">\n\nSeonmul (person) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-선물.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"사람\">\n\nSalam (person) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-사람.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n\u003Caccordion heading=\"이름\">\n\nIleum (name) \u003Ccustom-audio src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fko-이름.mp3\" :type=\"3\">\u003C\u002Fcustom-audio>\n\n\u003C\u002Faccordion>\n\n## Need to learn Hangul quickly?\n\nThe worst part about language learning is that it takes time. Thankfully, though, Hangul were designed in a logical fashion and come pretty quickly.\n\nHaving said that, to learn them, you still need to practice them: to see each Korean character in context, pronounced by native Korean speakers, and to periodically quiz yourself.\n\n\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fassets\u002Fblog\u002Fmigaku-korean-fundamentals.jpeg\" width=\"1754\" height=\"1220\" alt=\"A few screenshots from Migaku's Korean Fundamentals course, showing how we teach Hangul\" \u002F>\n\nMigaku's Korean Fundamentals course:\n\n1. Starts off by teaching you a bit about Korean culture and how the language works in general\n2. Teaches the Hangul alphabet one-by-one, via mnemonic pictures and videos of a native speaker pronouncing them\n3. Explains Hangul's various sound-change rules\n4. Has you practice all of those things in the context of actual Korean words and phrases\n\nBy the time you finish the course, you'll know Hangul. As you continue with your Korean learning journey—as you read Korean texts, watch K-dramas, and sing along to Korean songs—Hangul will gradually become second nature.\n\nYou can try Migaku totally free for ten days, and if you put in about half an hour per day (~25 flashcards), you can finish our Korean Fundamentals course in that time.\n\nSo, if you're ready:\n\n\u003Cprose-button href=\"\u002Flearn-korean\" text=\"Learn Korean with Migaku\">\u003C\u002Fprose-button>\n\n\u003CCenteredText italic> Migaku is totally free for ten days, which is enough time to finish our Hangul course, learn how to pronounce Korean words, and take your karaoke game to the next level. \u003C\u002FCenteredText>\n\n---\n\n## And now you're ready to move onto the Korean language\n\nYou now know how Hangul work, but the best way to learn Hangul—and Korean, or anything—is to actually use them.\n\n> The way that we make progress in a foreign language is by engaging with its media and understanding the messages within that media. All successful language learners have spent a lot of time actually using their language.\n\nYou're going to want to find the perfect resource or Korean alphabet chart—but try not to let perfect be the enemy of good enough. So long as you loosely remember how each Hangul sounds, you will commit them to memory, in time, as you spend more time with Korean.\n\nGood luck!\n",{"title":5,"description":2279},"article\u002Fkorean\u002Fkorean-hangul","-iUHqR0l9A89nRlbVfTRyfmI8z0hpilnJ7sf8dkPei0","January 22, 2025",{"approximate_member_count":2300},20174,null,[2303],{"id":4,"title":5,"body":2304,"description":2279,"extension":2280,"meta":3916,"navigation":2292,"path":2293,"rawbody":2294,"seo":3919,"stem":2296,"__hash__":2297,"timestampUnix":2282,"slug":2283,"h1":2284,"image":3917,"tags":3918},{"type":7,"value":2305,"toc":3892},[2306,2310,2314,2316,2318,2320,2324,2326,2328,2336,2338,2342,2344,2396,2398,2407,2412,2422,2424,2428,2436,2440,2442,2444,2449,2451,2453,2458,2462,2469,2471,2477,2479,2491,2493,2495,2497,2499,2501,2503,2509,2521,2523,2525,2531,2740,2746,2748,2750,2764,2983,2985,2987,2989,3003,3005,3007,3027,3029,3290,3333,3335,3339,3371,3375,3389,3391,3397,3399,3510,3514,3516,3518,3520,3542,3544,3554,3556,3578,3687,3689,3698,3700,3702,3704,3712,3714,3716,3718,3720,3722,3748,3750,3752,3760,3762,3764,3766,3771,3773,3780,3782,3786,3788,3794,3800,3806,3812,3818,3824,3830,3836,3842,3848,3850,3852,3854,3856,3858,3868,3870,3872,3874,3876,3878,3880,3882,3884,3888,3890],[10,2307,12,2308,18],{},[14,2309,17],{"href":16},[10,2311,2312,25],{},[22,2313,24],{},[10,2315,28],{},[30,2317],{},[33,2319],{},[36,2321,39,2322],{"id":38},[22,2323,42],{},[10,2325,45],{},[10,2327,48],{},[50,2329,2330,2332,2334],{},[53,2331,55],{},[53,2333,58],{},[53,2335,61],{},[63,2337,66],{"id":65},[10,2339,69,2340],{},[22,2341,72],{},[10,2343,75],{},[77,2345,2346],{"heading":79},[81,2347,2348,2352,2362,2375,2382,2389],{},[53,2349,2350,89],{},[86,2351,88],{},[53,2353,2354,100,2359,25],{},[86,2355,2356],{},[14,2357,99],{"href":96,"rel":2358},[98],[14,2360,105],{"href":103,"rel":2361},[98],[53,2363,2364,111,2366,117,2369,123,2372,25],{},[86,2365,110],{},[14,2367,116],{"href":114,"rel":2368},[98],[14,2370,122],{"href":120,"rel":2371},[98],[14,2373,128],{"href":126,"rel":2374},[98],[53,2376,2377,134,2379,140],{},[86,2378,133],{},[14,2380,139],{"href":137,"rel":2381},[98],[53,2383,2384,146,2386,152],{},[86,2385,145],{},[14,2387,151],{"href":149,"rel":2388},[98],[53,2390,2391,158,2393,25],{},[86,2392,157],{},[14,2394,162],{"href":149,"rel":2395},[98],[10,2397,165],{},[50,2399,2400,2405],{},[53,2401,170,2402,25],{},[14,2403,175],{"href":173,"rel":2404},[98],[53,2406,178],{},[10,2408,181,2409,186],{},[14,2410,185],{"href":137,"rel":2411},[98],[188,2413,2414],{},[10,2415,192,2416,2418,198,2420],{},[194,2417],{},[194,2419],{},[22,2421,201],{},[63,2423,205],{"id":204},[10,2425,208,2426,212],{},[22,2427,211],{},[81,2429,2430,2432],{},[53,2431,217],{},[53,2433,220,2434,224],{},[22,2435,223],{},[10,2437,227,2438,230],{},[22,2439,133],{},[10,2441,233],{},[235,2443],{"src":237,"width":238,"height":239,"alt":240},[10,2445,243,2446,25],{},[14,2447,248],{"href":246,"rel":2448},[98],[63,2450,252],{"id":251},[10,2452,255],{},[10,2454,258,2455,264],{},[14,2456,263],{"href":261,"rel":2457},[98],[10,2459,267,2460,25],{},[22,2461,42],{},[188,2463,2464],{},[10,2465,274,2466,280],{},[14,2467,279],{"href":277,"rel":2468},[98],[10,2470,283],{},[81,2472,2473],{},[53,2474,288,2475],{},[290,2476],{"src":292,":type":293},[10,2478,296],{},[81,2480,2481,2485],{},[53,2482,301,2483,305],{},[22,2484,304],{},[53,2486,308,2487,312,2489],{},[22,2488,311],{},[22,2490,315],{},[10,2492,318],{},[10,2494,321],{},[33,2496],{},[36,2498,327],{"id":326},[10,2500,330],{},[10,2502,333],{},[81,2504,2505,2507],{},[53,2506,338],{},[53,2508,341],{},[188,2510,2511,349,2513,2515,354,2517,358,2519,362],{},[345,2512,348],{"bold":347,"underline":347},[194,2514],{},[194,2516],{},[22,2518,357],{},[22,2520,361],{},[63,2522,366],{"id":365},[10,2524,369],{},[81,2526,2527,2529],{},[53,2528,374],{},[53,2530,377],{},[379,2532,2533,2550],{},[382,2534,2535],{},[385,2536,2537,2539,2541,2546,2548],{},[388,2538,390],{},[388,2540,393],{},[388,2542,2543],{},[14,2544,400],{"href":398,"rel":2545},[98],[388,2547,403],{},[388,2549,406],{},[408,2551,2552,2572,2592,2610,2628,2646,2664,2682,2700,2718],{},[385,2553,2554,2556,2558,2562,2566],{},[413,2555,415],{},[413,2557,14],{},[413,2559,2560],{},[421,2561,14],{"style":423},[413,2563,2564],{},[290,2565],{"src":428,":type":293},[413,2567,431,2568],{},[22,2569,434,2570,438],{},[436,2571,14],{},[385,2573,2574,2576,2578,2582,2586],{},[413,2575,443],{},[413,2577,446],{},[413,2579,2580],{},[421,2581,451],{"style":423},[413,2583,2584],{},[290,2585],{"src":456,":type":293},[413,2587,459,2588],{},[22,2589,2590,464],{},[436,2591,446],{},[385,2593,2594,2596,2598,2600,2604],{},[413,2595,469],{},[413,2597,472],{},[413,2599,475],{},[413,2601,2602],{},[290,2603],{"src":480,":type":293},[413,2605,483,2606],{},[22,2607,388,2608,489],{},[436,2609,488],{},[385,2611,2612,2614,2616,2618,2622],{},[413,2613,494],{},[413,2615,497],{},[413,2617,500],{},[413,2619,2620],{},[290,2621],{"src":505,":type":293},[413,2623,508,2624],{},[22,2625,2626,514],{},[436,2627,513],{},[385,2629,2630,2632,2634,2636,2640],{},[413,2631,519],{},[413,2633,522],{},[413,2635,522],{},[413,2637,2638],{},[290,2639],{"src":529,":type":293},[413,2641,532,2642],{},[22,2643,535,2644],{},[436,2645,538],{},[385,2647,2648,2650,2652,2654,2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