Hiragana Essentials: Quick Learning Guide with Memory Tricks
Last updated: August 20, 2024
Learning hiragana is essential for mastering Japanese. It forms the foundation of Japanese pronunciation and is crucial for accessing Japanese resources, as most quality textbooks and learning materials, just like our Migaku Japanese Course, require knowledge of hiragana. Essentially, it's the first step in learning Japanese.
Many people spend too much time learning hiragana, even though this can be achieved in a week or less. Obviously, your pace will vary, but if you follow our guide below, you will be able to read hiragana in no time.
To achieve this, you should follow these steps:
- Each section introduces five new hiragana characters, each with its own mnemonics, which are images that help you remember the character. Read the explanation, listen to the audio of the character being pronounced, and visualize the character with the mnemonic image. Don't worry about memorizing the example words, as they are just provided to give you an idea of some words that a give character can appear in.
- After reviewing all five characters in the section, you will be prompted with an exercise. Repeat this exercise until you feel comfortable recalling the pronunciation of each character before moving on.
There won't be any writing practice involved! In today's day and age, writing is something most of us rarely use, and practicing it, especially in the beginning, can easily multiply the time it takes you to learn to read hiragana.
Our recommendation is that if you want to learn to write Japanese eventually, hold back until you are a bit more advanced in the language.
Now let's take a closer look at 'hiragana' ひらがな, or in kanji 平仮名. Hiragana actually has its origin in Chinese characters. The shape of the hiragana originates from the cursive script style of Chinese calligraphy. In the table below you can see how this evolution took place, starting with the kanji on top, and ending with hiragana at the bottom.
Hiragana is a syllabary where every symbol represents an entire syllable. Hiragana contains 5 singular vowels, 42 consonant-vowel combinations, and 1 singular consonant (ん; n).
Hiragana has many roles in Japanese. One such usage is to write suffixes for a kanji root word. To make this more concrete, in English the word "talked" consists of the root word "talk", and the suffix "-ed." In Japanese there exists 話した which consists of a kanji root 話 (talk) and a hiragana suffix した (did). This usage is known as 'okurigana.'
Aside from grammatical inflection, other uses include the function words in the language, such as particles, grammatical structures, as well as forming standalone words for which there are no kanji or whose kanji form is obscure.
Below you can see these different usages color coded.
Hiragana is the script you will be dealing with the most when reading Japanese. Starting from the next section, we will slowly introduce you to five characters at a time and provide you with mnemonic images to help you remember them.
Below is a chart that contains all of the modern hiragana. We will be covering these in the following sections.
A | I | U | E | O |
---|---|---|---|---|
あ | い | う | え | お |
か | き | く | け | こ |
さ | し | す | せ | そ |
た | ち | つ | て | と |
な | に | ぬ | ね | の |
は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ |
ま | み | む | め | も |
ら | り | る | れ | ろ |
や | ゆ | よ | ||
わ | を | |||
ん |
あいうえお
Now that we’ve covered the basics of hiragana, we can introduce you to the first five characters, which are also the pure vowels in Japanese: あ・い・う・え・お.
The first character is あ, which is represented as a, and its pronunciation is similar to the a in father.
This character has a slightly tilted A written inside of it.
あめ
あいかぎ
The second character is い, which is represented as i, and its pronunciation is similar to the ee in eel.
If you look closely, you can see two eels (i) that meet each other.
いしゃ
いたみ
The third character is う, which is represented as u, and its pronunciation is similar to the oo in shoot.
This one should be easy, as it looks like a sideways u with a line above it.
うさぎ
うんどう
The fourth character is え, which is represented as e, and its pronunciation is close to the e in bet.
This elegant (e) dancer is dancing, can you see it?
えらい
えいが
The fifth character is お, which is represented as o, and its pronunciation is close to the o in story.
Olaf (o) is proud of his cool new bike!
おもしろい
おとこ
Now that you’ve carefully read this chapter, it's time to practice. Open the following link, select the first row of hiragana, and press the red study button. Practice until you feel comfortable with the first hiragana row before moving on.
かきくけこ
The next five are か・き・く・け・こ.
The first character is か, which is represented as ka, and the pronunciation is close to a combination of the k in skate and the a in father.
Look at the character and maybe you can see a martial artist doing a karate (ka) kick.
からだ
かたち
The second character is き, which is represented as ki, and the pronunciation is close to a combination of the k in skate and the ee in meet.
This character looks a bit like a key (ki).
きいろ
きかい
The third character is く, which is represented as ku, and the pronunciation is close to a combination of the k in skate and the oo in shoot.
Can you see it? This is just the beak of a cuckoo (ku) going cu-coo.
くるま
くるしい
The fourth character is け, which is represented as ke, and the pronunciation is close to a combination of the k in skate and the e in bet.
And this is just a nice keg (ke). The horizontal line being part of its metal binding.
けいけん
けもの
The fifth character is こ, which is represented as ko, and the pronunciation is close to a combination of the k in skate and the o in story.
And this is just a pretty nice coin (ko).
こども
こいびと
Now that you’ve carefully read this chapter, it's time to practice. Open the following link, select the first and second row of hiragana, and press the red study button. Practice until you feel comfortable with these two hiragana rows before moving on.
さしすせそ
The next five are さ・し・す・せ・そ.
The first character is さ, which is represented as sa, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the s in soup and the a in father.
Look at this big sign (sa) warning us of danger.
さる
さくひん
The second character is し, which is represented as shi, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the sh in sheep and the ee in meet.
Here we have a friendly shepard with a sheep (shi) and his stick.
しんぱい
しあい
The third character is す, which is represented as su, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the s in soup and the oo in shoot.
Oh, it's Steven and he is swinging (su) in the curtains again!
すき
すごい
The fourth character is せ, which is represented as se, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the s in soup and the e in bet.
Where we have a nice señor (se) with his hat.
せんしゅ
せいふく
The fifth character is そ, which is represented as so, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the s in soup and the o in story.
I tried to sew (so) a zigzag stitch.
そと
そいね
Now that you’ve carefully read this chapter, it's time to practice. Open the following link, select the first, second and third row of hiragana, and press the red study button. Practice until you feel comfortable with these three hiragana rows before moving on.
たちつてと
The next five are た・ち・つ・て・と.
The first character is た, which is represented as ta, and the pronunciation is close to a combination of the t in stop and the a in father.
This just looks exactly like a combination of the letters t and a (ta).
たいそう
たいくつ
The second character is ち, which is represented as chi, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the tch in itchy and the ee in meet.
What do we have here? A jumping cheerleader (chi).
ちいさい
ちいき
The third character is つ, which is represented as tsu, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the ts in cats and the oo in shoot.
Who doesn’t love cats (tsu)! See how fluffy its tail is.
つくる
つたえる
The fourth character is て, which is represented as te, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the t in stop and the e in bet.
And this just looks like a slightly out of shape T.
てあし
ていきてき
The fifth character is と, which is represented as to, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the t in stop and the o in story.
Ouch! Can you see the nail sticking in this toe (to). That's gotta hurt.
となり
とし
Now that you’ve carefully read this chapter, it's time to practice. Open the following link, select all hiragana rows, from the first to the fourth, and press the red study button. Practice until you feel comfortable with these four hiragana rows before moving on.
なにぬねの
The next five are な・に・ぬ・ね・の.
The first character is な, which is represented as na, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the n in not and the a in father.
This looks like someone was creative and wrote a pretty stylized na.
なまえ
なんだい
The second character is に, which is represented as ni, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the n in not and the ee in meet.
This is my knee (ni). Beautiful ain’t it?
にもつ
にし
The third character is ぬ, which is represented as nu, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the n in not and the oo in shoot.
A delicious bowl of noodles (nu).
ぬぐ
ぬすむ
The fourth character is ね, which is represented as ne, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the n in not and the e in bet.
This one looks like a ne written in a pretty stylized font.
ねこ
ねる
The fifth character is の, which is represented as no, and its pronunciation is close to a combination of the n in not and the o in story.
It's a sign that tells you ‘no smoking’ (no).
のうか
のこす
Now that you’ve carefully read this chapter, it's time to practice. Open the following link, select all hiragana rows, from the first to the fifth, and press the red study button. Practice until you feel comfortable with these five hiragana rows before moving on.
はひふへほ
The next five are は・ひ・ふ・へ・ほ.